scholarly journals Overview of Manually Operated Paddy Transplanter

2022 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-243
Author(s):  
Mr. A. V. Sutar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
Huge Challenge ◽  
Growing Population

Agriculture is the most important sector in the Indian economy. It is the most important source of employment for most of the country’s labor force. In 2012, about 49% of the labor force was engaged in agriculture. The highest proportion of these is in the rice sector. Rice is the country’s main stable food. The release of labor to sectors other than agriculture is important to the development of the country. The mechanization of rice fields has played an important role in liberating labor. Feeding a growing population is a huge challenge. The import of rice will cause the country’s economy to drain. The mechanization of the rice sector will lead to higher productivity and release labor to other sectors. The goal of the project is to design a rice transplanting mechanism for small farmers in the country to transplant rice seedlings.

An Analysis of Agriculture Sector of Inclusive Growth in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
P Chennakrishnan ◽  
D Thenmozhi
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Rural Infrastructure ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Independence Era ◽  
The Government

Agriculture remains the dominant supporter of the Indian populace. The thriving industry and service sectors depend on the agricultural sector for their development. The inter-linkage among the three sectors could not be undermined at any cost. It is the massive absorbent of the labor force even though the disguised unemployment exists in varied magnitude. The share of agriculture to the GDP has come down from 57.7% in 1950-51 to 32.2% in 1990-91 at the time of liberalization, 24.6% in 2000-2001, 15.7% in 2009-2010 then 17%. In the post-independence era, stagnant production, low productivity, traditional technology, and poor rural infrastructure were the major challenges for the Government. India is principally an agricultural country. The agriculture sector estimates 18.0% of the GDP and employs 52% of the total workforce. There is a continuous steady decay in its presence towards the GDP, and the agriculture sector is losing its shine and anchor position in the Indian economy. The problems with which the Indian agricultural scenario is charged in present times are many. Still, this in no way undermines the interest of the sector and the role it can play in the holistic and inclusive growth of the country. Agriculture is fundamental for the sustenance of an economy, as is food for a human being.

On a Dermatitis in Malays caused by the Cercariae of Schistosoma spindale Montgomery, 1906

1938 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. C Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Skin Infection ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Unpublished Report

A skin infection called by the local Malays “ sawah itch ” has been known in Negri Sembilan, Federated Malay States, for some years, where it has been recorded from widely distributed areas in this State and also from the rice-fields adjoining the Tampin-Malacca road. It is essentially associated with padi-cultivation and is especially prevalent during those periods when the soil is being ploughed or “ chankolled ” prior to planting with rice seedlings, which occupation necessitates workers spending hours each day with their legs submerged in the mud and water of the sawah. (Sawah = swamp or tract of ground covered with water.) I am indebted to Dr. J. W. Field of the Institute for Medical Research, F.M.S., for permission to quote the following extract from his unpublished report on “ sawah itch.”

scholarly journals Poor Man's Crop? Slavery in Brazilian Cotton Regions (1800-1850)

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thales Augusto Zamberlan Pereira
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Slave Labor ◽  
Cotton South ◽  
Slave Population

Abstract Much of the literature about cotton production in Brazil during the nineteenth century considers cotton as a "poor man's crop" - cultivated by small farmers who did not employ a large slave labor force. However, information provided in population maps from the period between 1800 and 1840 shows that slaves represented half the population in Maranhão, the most important cotton exporter in Brazil until the 1840s. This represented a higher share than in any region in northeast Brazil and was comparable to the slave population shares recorded in the United States' cotton South. This paper shows that, during the cotton boom years (1790-1820), not only was the cotton exported from northeast Brazil to Britain and continental Europe cultivated on large plantations, but also, slave prices were higher in Maranhão than in other Brazilian provinces.

scholarly journals Widespread Occurrence of Pythium arrhenomanes Pathogenic to Rice Seedlings Around Japanese Rice Fields

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (12) ◽  
pp. 1823-1831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Toda ◽  
Akinori Iwasa ◽  
Shinichi Fuji ◽  
Hiromitsu Furuya
Keyword(s):  
Rice Seedling ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Widespread Occurrence ◽  
Pythium Arrhenomanes ◽  
Akita Prefecture ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Northern Japan

In Japan, rice seedlings grown in nurseries and used for transplanting are subject to a damping-off disease caused by Pythium spp. In this study, 148 isolates of Pythium spp. were obtained from rice seedlings in 39 locations of northern Japan. Among the isolates, 137 were identified as Pythium arrhenomanes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with species-specific primers, DNA sequencing analyses of the internal transcribed regions of ribosomal DNA, and the morphologies of oogonia, antheridia, oospores, and zoosporangia. Inoculation tests showed that the isolates identified as P. arrhenomanes were pathogenic to rice seedlings and parasitic to southern crabgrass with only minor damage. P. arrhenomanes was reisolated from the roots of both rice seedlings and southern crabgrass. Poaceae weeds, hosts of Pythium spp., grow in and around nurseries and in ridges surrounding rice fields. To detect Pythium spp., 188 Poaceae weeds were collected from 37 locations in Akita Prefecture. P. arrhenomanes was frequently detected in 164 weed roots from all locations by PCR using species-specific primers. Thus, we determined that P. arrhenomanes exists in and around rice seedling nurseries and rice fields, and that it is much more widely distributed than previously recognized in northern Japan.

Skill Development, Skill Premium, and Technological Change

2019 ◽  
pp. 200-217
Author(s):  
Harshil Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Labor Force Participation Rate ◽  
Skill Premium ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Capital Intensive

This chapter looks to analyze three aspects skill: premium or wage incentive, existence of skill-biased technical change, and problems with current vocational training programs prevailing in India. All these three aspects will be analyzed with a gender-based approach specifically looking at female outcomes in comparison to male outcomes. This study would also throw some light on why labor force participation rate has been low in the case of females in India. Using NSSO data, it is found that skill premium was falling for women in labor-intensive sectors and rising in capital-intensive sectors, but it had no major effect on skill premium of total workforce due to low female labor force participation rate. Overall skill premium is stagnant for total workforce, and capital skill complementarity is not present in case of Indian economy. Movement of labor in Indian economy has been from one unskilled sector (agriculture) to another unskilled sector (construction). The study also finds that the major reason behind skill development system being supply driven is lack of involvement of the private sector financially.

A biological and ecological study of the rice Pentatomid bug, Scotinophara lurida (Burm.) in Ceylon.

1960 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Black Rice ◽  
Southern Province ◽  
Rice Bug ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Scotinophara Lurida

The black rice bug, Scotinophara lurida (Burm.), is widely distributed in Ceylon in areas where rice is grown under irrigation. It first became a serious pest in 1940 and, periodically since, it has assumed epidemic proportions in the Southern Province where two crops of rice are grown annually. Each crop takes from 3½ to 4 months to mature, the fields lying fallow in the intervening periods. During these periods the insects aestivate, in the adult or late nymphal stages, in cracks in the bunds in the rice-fields or on neighbouring higher ground. They remain motionless for the most part during aestivation, are gregarious and occur as much as 2 ft. below ground-level.The adults leave the aestivation sites in April and May and settle in the first crop when it is two to three weeks old, and a subsequent aestivating population behaves similarly in November and December for. the second crop. There is at first considerable flight activity at dusk, and at night, and after feeding for about a week on the rice seedlings copulation takes place and oviposition commences about ten days later.

scholarly journals DAYA MAKAN, DIAPAUSE DAN MOBILITAS KEONG MAS (POMACEA CANALICULATA) PADA BERBAGAI KEDALAMAN AIR

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Jacqualine Arriani Bunga ◽  
Franciskus Xaverius Wagiman ◽  
Witjaksono . ◽  
Jafendi Hasoloan Purba Sidadolog
Keyword(s):  
Paddy Field ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Observation Point ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Pomacea Canaliculata ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Effective Technology ◽  
Different Depths

Feeding rate, aestivation and mobility of golden snails (Pomacea canaliculata) at different depths of water. The research was studied in Malaka District, East Nusa Tenggara Province, during the dry and the rainy season (October 2014 - March 2015). Studies on capacity of damage to the Ciherang rice seedlings were carried out for three weeks. The size of snails used in this experiment was 11-20; 21-30; and 31-40 mm. The numbers of seedlings that were planted were 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 seeds. The treatments were repeated 5 times. The numbers of seeds which are damaged by the snails then were tabulated and analyzed. Snails with the size of 11-20 mm damaged the seeds in 31.67%, followed by snails with the size of 21-30 mm and 31- 40 mm with potency of damaging were 64.76% and 97.38%, respectively. The size of snails affects the level of damage to rice seedlings when transplanting. Study about aestivation was conducted in five villages, namely Kamanasa, Wehali, Umakatahan, Harekakae and Kletek when the rice fields were fallow. The observation point was observed at the corner of the dike and along the dike, evaluated every 10 meters away. The results showed snails aestivate when the fields were dry. Studies on snail’s mobility conducted on the experiment arena on the mud in buckets, which planted with 20 paddy seedlings. The treatment depth of puddles in the experiment were without puddles, half, the same height and twice the height of snails shell. The treatments were repeated 10 times. Measurement of snail’s mobility was performed routinely every 2 hours, observed from the beginning when the snails were placed for 24 hours in advance. The results showed that the depth of the water significantly affected the mobility of snails. Without puddles, the mobility of snails was severely hampered in the mud. The mobility of the juvenile was significantly higher than the imago. The implication of this study was benefit to that the regulating the level of water in the paddy field which is known as an appropriate effective technology and for controlling the attack of the golden snails.

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