Abstract
California rice (Oryza sativa L.) production has been recently challenged by the early season bloom of nuisance algae. The algal community in rice is a complex of green algae (Nostoc spongiforme Agardh ex Bornet) and cyanobacteria species that could develop a thick algal mat on the surface of the water and interfere with the emergence and establishment of rice seedlings. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of algae infestation level on rice seedling emergence. A mesocosm study was conducted in 57 L tubs. Three levels of algae infestation (low, medium, and high) were produced by adding fertilizer N:P amount into the tubs including 0:0, 75:35, and 150:70 kg-1ha. Sixty rice seeds (M-206) were soaked for 24 hours and spread into tubs filled with water. Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR), Chlorophyll a concentration as the quantitative measure of algae, number of emerged rice seedlings, and their dry biomass were studied during the experiment. Results showed that algae infestation can directly change the amount of light received into the water. Minimum, maximum and mean percentage of PAR inside the water declined by the increase of algae infestation level. As a consequence, rice seedling emergence dropped under the high algae pressure. At very high algae infestation (i.e. chlorophyll a concentration of above 500 µg ml-1), rice seedling emergence reduced up to 90%. Furthermore, rice seedling emergence was delayed under algae infestation. When algae infestation was low, time to 50% of rice seedling emergence (t50) ranged between five and ten days, while at high algae infestation t50 ranged between twelve and twenty days. Moreover, individual rice seedling biomass reduced from one gram to 0.01 gram by the increase of algae infestation. The results from this study indicate that uncontrolled algae at the beginning of the rice-growing season could reduce rice seedling emergence, establishment, and rice stand. Given that algae infestation in field has a patchy pattern, loss of rice stand in these patches could provide empty niches for other weeds to grow.