Women, Security, and Peace: A Reading in Resolution 1325

Humanitarian Law ◽

International Peace ◽

Know How ◽

The Past

security and peace are two concepts closely related to the rights of women, especially in the past two decades. In October 2000, Resolution 1325 was issued by the United Nations Security Council regarding women and armed conflicts, based on the role that women can play in building peace and achieving security, whether on the basis of The national or international level, especially that the women most affected during wars and armed conflicts, and some jurisprudential opinions began to take their way into international legislation and the rules of international humanitarian law regarding the protection of non-combatants and civilians in general and women in particular, and the Geneva Convention in 1949 and its annex to the Second Geneva Convention in 1949went 1977 to the necessity of protecting women against any assault, physical violence, or humiliation of all kinds. Therefore, the importance of the topic lies in knowing the role of Resolution in protecting women's rights, not to mention the need to know how women play a role in preserving international peace

From Cold War to Hotspots – The Changing Needs for Dissemination of International Humanitarian Law in Sweden

Nordic Journal of International Law ◽

10.1163/090273509x12506922106759 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 78 (4) ◽

pp. 527-539

Author(s):

Kristina Lindvall ◽

Cecilia Hellman

Keyword(s):

Cold War ◽

Humanitarian Law ◽

International Peace ◽

Modern Approach ◽

The Past ◽

Geneva Conventions ◽

The Cold War ◽

Key Questions

AbstractThis article explores the past and current role of dissemination in Sweden of international humanitarian law (IHL) – focusing on the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols. Key questions are who the relevant actors in need of knowledge in IHL today are, and why dissemination still is important for Sweden, despite the end of the Cold War threat. The authors of this article argue that Sweden today lacks a thoroughlythought-out and modern approach to questions relating to dissemination, and that negligence in properly addressing and understanding the role of dissemination could lead to a weakening of Sweden's position as an adamant adherent and advocate of IHL. Today's complex world, with its diversified threats to national and international peace and security, calls for a revised and articulated position on dissemination of IHL.

The Application of International Humanitarian Law by the Israel Defense Forces

10.1093/oso/9780199379774.003.0008 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Amichai Cohen ◽

Eyal Ben-Ari

Keyword(s):

Humanitarian Law ◽

Advocate General ◽

The Past ◽

Junior Officers ◽

Military Commanders ◽

Legal Frameworks ◽

Israel Defense Forces ◽

The Military

This chapter describes how increased juridification and demands to apply international humanitarian law (IHL) have influenced the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). The authors analyze the IDF’s compliance with IHL and other legal frameworks through a multilevel and multidimensional model of military compliance describing the law and external institutions involved in applying it. The past decades have seen the relatively autonomous sphere of the military increasingly come under judicial overview. Judicial and international pressures have also increased the role of the operational legal advisors. The chapter ends by discussing the ceremonies intended to promote compliance with IHL involving soldiers and junior officers. It is based on interviews (with Israeli academic experts, members of nongovernmental organizations [NGOs], and military commanders), off-the-record conversations with members of the IDF’s Military Advocate General, and newspaper articles, reports of NGOs, and secondary material.

Everybody's War

10.1093/oso/9780197514641.001.0001 ◽

2021 ◽

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Lived Experience ◽

Humanitarian Law ◽

War Economy ◽

The Past ◽

Postcolonial State ◽

The Face ◽

History Of

This book explores the history of health care in postcolonial state-making and the fragmentation of the health system in Syria during the conflict. It analyzes the role of international humanitarian law (IHL) in enabling attacks on health facilities and distinguishes the differences between humanitarian solutions and refugee populations’ expectations. It also describes the way in which humanitarian actors have fed the war economy. The book highlights the lived experience of siege in all its layers. It examines how humanitarian actors have become part of the information wars that have raged throughout the past ten years and how they have chosen to position themselves in the face of grave violations of IHL.

Yemen’s Unprecedented Humanitarian Crisis: Implications for International Humanitarian Law, the Geneva Convention, and the Future of Global Health Security

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness ◽

10.1017/dmp.2016.50 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 701-703 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Alba Ripoll Gallardo ◽

Frederick M. Burkle ◽

Luca Ragazzoni ◽

Francesco Della Corte

Keyword(s):

Geneva Convention ◽

Collective Responsibility ◽

Armed Conflicts ◽

Humanitarian Law ◽

Aid Workers ◽

Humanitarian Crisis ◽

Health Security ◽

Free Flow Of Information ◽

Flow Of Information

AbstractThe current humanitarian crisis in Yemen is unprecedented in many ways. The Yemeni War tragedy is symptomatic of gross failures to recognize, by combatants, existing humanitarian law and the Geneva Convention that have become the new norm in unconventional armed conflicts and are increasingly replicated in Africa, Afghanistan, and other areas of the Middle East with dire consequences on aid workers and the noncombatant population. The health and humanitarian professions must take collective responsibility in calling for all belligerent parties to cease the massacre and commit to guaranteed medical assistance, humanitarian aid, and the free flow of information and respect for the humanitarian principles that protect the neutrality and impartiality of the humanitarian workforce. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;page 1 of 3)

The role of international humanitarian law in the search for peace: Lessons from Colombia

10.1017/s1816383121000709 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

César Rojas-Orozco

Keyword(s):

Legal Framework ◽

Armed Conflicts ◽

Humanitarian Law ◽

Peace Agreement ◽

Peace Negotiations ◽

State Actors ◽

The Relationship

Abstract International humanitarian law (IHL) has traditionally been seen as a legal framework regulating armed hostilities, having little to do with peace. However, recent peacemaking and peacebuilding practice has consistently relied on IHL to frame peace efforts, mainly in non-international armed conflicts. This article explores the relationship between IHL and peace, looking at practice in Colombia, where IHL has been used in a creative way as a means to build trust, facilitate peace negotiations and enforce the resulting peace agreement. Looking at this case, the article offers general insights on how IHL can facilitate the end of conflict and reintegration, frame accountability and reparation, and shield peace deals under a framework in which both State and non-State actors can find a common bargaining zone in their search for peace.

Red Cross Society of China: The 1977 Geneva Protocols and the development of international humanitarian law

10.1017/s0020860400025584 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 27 (258) ◽

pp. 282-287

Author(s):

Su Wei

Keyword(s):

Geneva Convention ◽

Armed Conflicts ◽

The Other ◽

Red Cross ◽

Humanitarian Law ◽

National Liberation ◽

Outstanding Problem ◽

Geneva Conventions ◽

Occupied Territories

Ten years ago, two Protocols additional to the Four Geneva Conventions were adopted in Geneva: one relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts, the other to the protection of victims of non-international armed conflicts. This marked a forward step in the development of international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts. The most outstanding problem confronting international humanitarian lawyers in the postwar years has been the protection of civilians in circumstances of armed conflicts, particularly in a period characterized by wars of national liberation. The two Protocols scored achievements on two points. First, provisions were elaborated aiming at protecting civilians from the effects of hostilities as opposed to simply protecting civilians in occupied territories as had been the case of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949. Secondly, the scope of the application of humanitarian law was greatly widened so as to bring a greater number of victims of armed conflicts under the protection of humanitarian law. This should in turn facilitate the observance and implementation of humanitarian law in conflicts. It is attempted in this paper to make some comments on the achievements of the Protocols, especially Protocol I relating to international armed conflicts.

The ICRC, the League and the Report on the re-appraisal of the Role of the Red Cross (III): Protection and assistance in situations not covered by international humanitarian law

10.1017/s0020860400018131 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 18 (205) ◽

pp. 210-214

Keyword(s):

Armed Conflicts ◽

Red Cross ◽

Humanitarian Law ◽

Similar Nature ◽

The Law

Originally, and up to 1949, the law of Geneva protected only victims of wars between States. Article 3, common to the four Conventions of 1949, is applicable to all non-international armed conflicts; the Protocol additional II to these Conventions covers non-international armed conflicts in which hostilities reach a certain degree of intensity; it does not apply to situations of internal disturbances and tensions, such as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence and other acts of a similar nature, as not being armed conflicts (Protocol II, art. 1, par. 2).

Twenty years on: International humanitarian law and the protection of civilians against the effects of cyber operations during armed conflicts

10.1017/s1816383120000387 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-48

Author(s):

Laurent Gisel ◽

Tilman Rodenhäuser ◽

Knut Dörmann

Keyword(s):

Armed Conflict ◽

International Committee ◽

Armed Conflicts ◽

Red Cross ◽

Cyber Warfare ◽

Humanitarian Law ◽

The Past ◽

Humanitarian Organizations ◽

Medical Facilities

Abstract The use of cyber operations during armed conflicts and the question of how international humanitarian law (IHL) applies to such operations have developed significantly over the past two decades. In their different roles in the Legal Division of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the authors of this article have followed these developments closely and have engaged in governmental and non-governmental expert discussions on the subject. In this article, we analyze pertinent humanitarian, legal and policy questions. We first show that the use of cyber operations during armed conflict has become a reality of armed conflicts and is likely to be more prominent in the future. This development raises a number of concerns in today's increasingly cyber-reliant societies, in which malicious cyber operations risk causing significant disruption and harm to humans. Secondly, we present a brief overview of multilateral discussions on the legal and normative framework regulating cyber operations during armed conflicts, looking in particular at various arguments around the applicability of IHL to cyber operations during armed conflict and the relationship between IHL and the UN Charter. We emphasize that in our view, there is no question that cyber operations during armed conflicts, or cyber warfare, are regulated by IHL – just as is any weapon, means or methods of warfare used by a belligerent in a conflict, whether new or old. Thirdly, we focus the main part of this article on how IHL applies to cyber operations. Analyzing the most recent legal positions of States and experts, we revisit some of the most salient debates of the past decade, such as which cyber operations amount to an “attack” as defined in IHL and whether civilian data enjoys similar protection to “civilian objects”. We also explore the IHL rules applicable to cyber operations other than attacks and the special protection regimes for certain actors and infrastructure, such as medical facilities and humanitarian organizations.

IUS Post Bellum and The Imperative to Supersede IHL

AJIL Unbound ◽

10.1017/s2398772300003068 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 110 ◽

pp. 193-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pablo Kalmanovitz

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Armed Conflicts ◽

The Other ◽

Humanitarian Law ◽

Human Rights Law ◽

Human Rights Protection ◽

Rights Protection ◽

The One

In recent debates about the interplay between international humanitarian law (IHL) and human rights law (IHRL), two broad camps have emerged. On the one hand, defenders of what may be called the convergence thesis have emphasized the inclusion of basic rights protections in the so-called “Geneva instruments” of IHL, as well as the role of human rights bodies in interpreting and amplifying rights protections in IHL through juridical or quasi-juridical interpretation and pronouncements. In armed conflicts, it is said, human rights apply concurrently and in ways that strengthen the protective constraints of IHL. Critics of the convergence thesis, on the other hand, have protested that pressing human rights obligations on state forces misunderstands the nature of both IHL and IHRL, and generates misplaced and impossibly onerous demands on belligerents—ultimately and perversely, the effect of emphasizing convergence may be less, not more, human rights protection.

Safeguarding Civilian Internet Access During Armed Conflict: Protecting Humanity’s Most Important Resource in War

Science and Technology Law Review ◽

10.52214/stlr.v22i1.8056 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 127-180

Author(s):

Todd Emerson Hutchins

Keyword(s):

Modern Society ◽

Armed Conflicts ◽

Red Cross ◽

Humanitarian Law ◽

Internet Connectivity ◽

Digital World ◽

Physical Internet ◽

The Right

A recent spate of governmental shutdowns of the civilian internet in a broad range of violent contexts, from uprisings in Hong Kong and Iraq to armed conflicts in Ethiopia, Kashmir, Myanmar, and Yemen, suggests civilian internet blackouts are the ‘new normal.’ Given the vital and expanding role of internet connectivity in modern society, and the emergence of artificial intelligence, internet shutdowns raise important questions regarding their legality under intentional law. This article considers whether the existing international humanitarian law provides adequate protection for civilian internet connectivity and infrastructure during armed conflicts. Concluding that current safeguards are insufficient, this article proposes a new legal paradigm with special protections for physical internet infrastructure and the right of civilian access, while advocating the adoption of emblems (such as the Red Cross or Blue Shield) in the digital world to protect vital humanitarian communications.