Epilogue

2018 ◽  
pp. 155-166
Author(s):  
Mark Rice
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Transnational Networks ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
National State ◽  
Machu Picchu ◽  
Centennial Celebrations

This chapter focuses on the centennial celebrations of Hiram Bingham’s “discovery” of Machu Picchu. The lavish ceremony illustrated how Peruvian national state now embraced Machu Picchu as a sign of national identity. It shows how transnational networks of capital, culture, and travel had made Machu Picchu into a global symbol of Peru. However, the continued lack of social or economic inclusion of Andean communities into the Peruvian nation casts light on the limits and potential threat that such processes can have. The influence of tourism and global consumption of Machu Picchu has unmoored the site from the region of Cusco. A century of tourism growth has transformed cusqueños into figurative owners of Peruvian national identity while simultaneously displacing their control over the region’s economic and political future.

scholarly journals Spatial Imaginings in the Age of Colonial Cartographic Reason: Maps, Landscapes, Travelogues in Britain and India by Nilanjana Mukherjee

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sutapa Dutta ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
East India Company ◽  
British History ◽  
National State ◽  
Symbolic Forms ◽  
British East India Company ◽  
Complex Phenomena

Nilanjana Mukherjee’s book looks at construction of space, leading from imaginative to concrete contours, within the context of the British imperial enterprise in India. Fundamental to her argument is that colonial definitions of sovereignty were defined in terms of control over space and not just over people, and hence it was first necessary to map the space and inscribe symbols into it. In the latter half of the eighteenth century, imperialism and colonization were complex phenomena that involved new and imminent strategies of nation building. No other period of British history, as Linda Colley has noted, has seen such a conscious attempt to construct a national state and national identity (Colley 1992). Although the physical occupation of India by the British East India Company could be said to have begun with the battle of Plassey (1757), nevertheless the process of conquest through mediation of symbolic forms indicate the time and manner in which the ‘conquest’ was conscripted

scholarly journals Neoliberalizm i desekularyzacja jako dwa wymiary reform edukacji we współczesnej Turcji

1970 ◽  
pp. 21-41
Author(s):  
Dobrochna Hildebrandt-Wypych
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Educational Change ◽  
Educational Reforms ◽  
National State ◽  
Electoral Success ◽  
Religious Symbols ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Civic Religion ◽  
Turkish Society ◽  
Faith Schools

The text focuses on neoliberalism and desecularisation as two major dimensions of social and educational change in contemporary Turkey. Key educational reforms of recent years are discussed from the perspective of the conservative-religious turn in Turkish society and politics, particularly noticeable from 2002, i.e. the first AKP electoral success. However, the origins of the Oriental-Western duality of identity, as well as the “use” of Islam for strengthening the new Turkish national identity, can be traced back to Kemalist policy of secularisation and modernization of Turkish society. This peculiar merge of neoliberal and religious symbols is also visible in education, where selforientalizing, nationalizing and secularizing discourses mix with the pressure on selection, effectiveness and competition in the “western” style. Therefore, the rising importance of faith schools in present day Turkey has also been discussed in the light of the historical Kemalist concept of transformation of Islam and the creation of national, state-controlled “civic religion”.

scholarly journals The process of weakening of nation-state in the era of NEO-liberalism and the crisis of democracy

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-55
Author(s):  
Svetlana Stamenova
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Nation State ◽  
National State

The article aims to show that as a result of globalization and NEO-liberal form of governance and ideology, the state was weakened through a complex system of economic, financial, technological and social relations on a global scale. The withdrawal of the state from regulative functions on its territory is a refusal of the state for ideological mobilization of its populace based on nationalism and national identity. During the decline of national identity, the national state moves its role from imposing of cultural and national homogeneity, a characteristic of the earlier stage of nation-state building, to supporting cultural diversity. Crisis of democracy and emergence of post-democracy are considered and the question about possibility of having democracy beyond the nation-state borders.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Mark Rice
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Machu Picchu ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Central Argument

This chapter introduces the central argument of the book: Tourism was instrumental in the modern rise of Machu Picchu and its transnational character proved important in influencing the Peruvian state to embrace the Andes and the Inca as symbols of Peruvian national identity.

Reinventing the Incas in Contemporary Cuzco

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Burger ◽  
Lucy Salazar
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Local Identity ◽  
Machu Picchu ◽  
The Way

This chapter addresses some of the factors leading to the “reinvention” of the Inti Raymi and Machu Picchu almost 500 years after the collapse of Tahuantinsuyu. It also highlights the way in which these two phenomena have been transformed since their reappearance as the result of tourism, globalization and the growth of Incanism. Although both played an important role in the construction of Peruvian’s national identity, their different trajectories reveal competing forces of authentication and reinvention in the national and international arenas. Whereas the resurgence of the Inti Raymi in Cuzco was the product of mestizo intellectuals committed to reinforcing nationalism and local identity, the discovery and rise to prominence of Machu Picchu was the result of broader efforts to integrate the Peruvian highlands into the national and global economies.

National Minorities Under Communism: The Case of Czechoslovakia

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Kalvoda
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
The State ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
National State ◽  
National Minorities

After its establishment in 1918–1919, Czechoslovakia was a multinational state and some of its minorities protested against their being included into it. The nationality problem was related to the collapse of the First Czechoslovak Republic in 1938 and the loss of some of its territories to Germany, Poland, and Hungary. It may be pointed out that the 1920 Constitution did not recognize a separate Slovak national identity and that the Czechs and Slovaks were termed “Czechoslovaks.” The post-Munich Second Republic recognized a separate Slovak nationality; however, the state came to its end in March 1939. In 1945, after its reestablishment as a national state of the Czechs and Slovaks, the country's government attempted to liquidate the national minorities' problem in a drastic manner by transfer (expulsion) of Germans and Hungarians.

scholarly journals Diaspora and contemporary world - the need to change study approach

Sociologija ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 655-675
Author(s):  
Milica Veskovic-Andjelkovic
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Transnational Networks ◽  
Technology Application ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The World ◽  
Human And Social Capital

Diaspora phenomena, it?s characteristics and functions, were changing in a resent decade along with momentum of globalization notably. This requires new research approaches. Unlike a previous period when migrants visited their homelands rarely or never, they came more often today. They contact with friends and family nearly every day. Because of that, relationships besides members of diaspora and their Motherland is changed. Communications besides migrants and nonmigrants in the homeland make transnational networks which enable that migrants investing their resources without need for return and has a big potential for a Motherland?s prosperity. Intensivity of migrations in a every part of the world have impact to expanding migrants social networks (social capital become bigger) and acquiring a new knowledge (their human capital became bigger). That is reason for interest of policy makers became greather for human and social capital although it was only for monetary remittance earlier. New knowledge and technology application together with consultation with experts all around the world are available for the Motherland because diasporas social capital. They could be very important resource for its economically, cultural and social prosperity. However, it?s important to know that interaction with a people with a different culture has impact to change and experience of personal identity by migrants. That requires modification of earlier understanding identity members of diaspora. Theirs identity had a core in a national identity earlier, but today it has a form of hybridity. In a meso level, respecting by Motherland perspective, that?s mean that national identity doesn?t main motive for diaspora investing anymore and that?s important to make a new stimulating migration policy. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to point diaspora phenomena changing - change resources and influence to the Motherland. As a first, the emphasis is on transnational networks which change communication mode and relationship members of diaspora and Motherland, but they have impact to growth of social capital of migrants which could be invested in homeland potentially. These networks enable easier to acquire a knowledge and it?s transfer. That is why human capital become more readily available for the Motherland. But, hybrid diaspora identity must be motive for change state diaspora policy which was based in an emotional component of national identity. They must change in way of making a more favorable structural conditions for diaspora investment which is a preconditions to attracting human and social capital of diaspora that could have a big impact to the Motherland?s progress.

Making the “Modern” Destination, 1900–1934

2018 ◽  
pp. 16-44
Author(s):  
Mark Rice
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Indigenous Culture ◽  
Global Level ◽  
National State ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
Utopian Vision ◽  
Machu Picchu

The chapter begins with the famous Hiram Bingham-led expeditions to Machu Picchu. Although Bingham brought attention to Machu Picchu, his controversial actions and hasty departure from Peru in 1915 meant that Machu Picchu remained largely ignored on the national and global level. However, local elites contributed to the rehabilitation of Machu Picchu as part of their efforts to promote regional folkloric identity, better known as indigenismo. This emphasized Cusco’s modernity and embraced a utopian vision of the Inca past. However, tourism downplayed the contemporary demands of Cusco’s large exploited indigenous population. By the 1930s, these efforts had begun to sway the national state to embrace their interpretation of indigenous culture.

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