scholarly journals BELARUS AND UKRAINE IN THE POST-SOVIET PERIOD – TWO DIFFERENT MODELS OF ORGANIZATION AND POSITIONING OF THE STATE

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
DRAGAN PETROVIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Period ◽  
Social Image ◽  
State Capitalism ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
State Organization ◽  
Domestic Level ◽  
Russian Identity ◽  
Identity Issue ◽  
Post Soviet Period ◽  
Post Soviet Space

After the disappearance of the USSR, Belarus and Ukraine have mostly different models of state organization at the domestic level: Belarus opted for state capitalism with a social image, close to the neo-Keynesian concept with elements of socialism-social justice. Ukraine had a number of changes in that direction, but after the February coup in 2014, it fully accepted the neoliberal model, which led to additional stratification of the population, pauperization and a serious economic crisis. In the geopolitical direction, Belarus has always been firmly connected with Russia and the integration processes in the post-Soviet space led by Moscow. Ukrai-ne is internally divided on that issue, so it had a moderated participation in the inte-gration processes in the post-Soviet space. However, after February 2014 and the conflicts that followed, Ukraine turned to the western centers of power. Belarus has very little opposition in the electorate to the existing geopolitical and pro-Russian identity issue, while Ukraine remains a divided country on a number of major issues. Western centers of power, and especially Atlanticist ones, generally support every form of distance from Russia and pro-Russian identity that exists among the popula-tion and elite in Ukraine and that appears on the border in Belarus. In Ukraine, until February 2014, pluralism influenced them to channel them-selves through elections for the institutions of the system of differences of identity and interests of the regions, so the pro-Russian and Western Ukrainian options changed in power. Since 2014, the secession of Crimea, the secession of Donetsk and Lugansk, the western Ukrainian option has an advantage. Since then, the gov-ernment in Kiev has been threatening the identity survival of the pro-Russian part of the population of Ukraine, the majority in the Southeast, in an authoritarian and un-democratic way. Official relations between Ukraine and Russia are tense.

scholarly journals Civilisation approach in Russia and its historical evolution

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Vsevolod V. Shimov
Keyword(s):  
System Analysis ◽  
World System ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Western World ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Capitalist World ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Post Soviet Period ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The article examines the features of the evolution of the civilisational approach in Russia. The historical stages of the formation of the civilisational approach in Russian political thought, starting from the pre-revolutionary times and ending with the post-Soviet period, are considered. The works of N. Danilevsky, L. Gumilyov, A. Dugin, V. Tsymbursky are analysed. It is concluded that the civilisational approach in Russia was especially in demand due to the specific nature of Russia’s relations with the Western world and within the discussion about Russia’s belonging to European civilisation. In the perspective of the world-system analysis, the development of the civilisational paradigm in Russia was due to its being on the semi-periphery of the capitalist world-system. It has always complicated relations with the Western countries belonging the world-systemic core. The findings can be used within the study of the processes of formation of national and sociocultural identity in the post-Soviet space, as well as in teaching disciplines of the socio-humanitarian block (political science, history of political doctrines).

scholarly journals “Gas pipeline wars” in the post-Soviet space: geographical aspect

2020 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 02008
Author(s):  
Tatyana Pototskaya
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Post Soviet Period ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The article discusses the transformation of the territorial organization of gas pipeline transport in the post-Soviet period under the influence of the system of international relations that developed between the countries of the post-Soviet space. Notably, the author establishes the following major geographical factors affecting this process: the level of provision with natural gas and the peculiarities of the transport and geographical position of the countries. The author specifically emphasizes an active, consistent and purposeful policy on this issue in Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan, which reinforces and strengthens the geopolitical interests of these states in the examined region. Their competitive advantages are clearly indicated. Particular attention is focused on the possibility of multipurpose use of gas pipelines thanks to the connecting pipes created between them. The interest intersection of three categories of states was revealed: those of the countries in the post-Soviet space (Russia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan); those of Russia and countries located in the neighboring regions (EU, China, Turkey, Iran); those of the states actively involved in investing in geological exploration, creation of mining enterprises, gas storages, construction of compressor stations on them (USA, Great Britain, Saudi Arabia, Japan, etc.).

scholarly journals Russian as a native language in the post-Soviet space in comparison with the results of the 1989 census

2021 ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Andrei Manakov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Russian Population ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Post Soviet Period ◽  
Post Soviet Space

In the post-Soviet period, there was a significant narrowing of the Russian language distribution space. The aim of the study is to identify the changes that have taken place since the collapse of the Soviet Union at the level of the post-Soviet countries in the number and proportion of people who named Russian their native language. The novelty of this study is based on the level of regions in the post-Soviet space and the analysis of the dynamics of such indicators as to the share of the non-Russian population, who named Russian their native language. Almost all post-Soviet states experienced a decrease in the number and share of the Russian-speaking population. Currently, the minimum indicators of the proportion of Russians and Russian-speaking people are characterized by the states of Transcaucasia, as well as Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. The biggest losses in the post-Soviet period of both the Russian and Russian-speaking population, in relative terms, were experienced by Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. A special dynamics of these indicators have developed in two states — in the Republic of Belarus and Ukraine. In these countries, the part of the biethnic population that adopted the identity of the titular ethnic group retained the Russian language. Russian, for example, has declined more rapidly in Ukraine than in the categories of people who consider Russian as their native language, and this has led to a decline in the number and share of the Russian population. The situation in the Republic of Belarus, which is unique in the post-Soviet space, was the result of the 1995 referendum that established the status of the state language for Russian. As a result, along with the decrease in the Russian population in the Republic of Belarus, there has been a significant increase in the category of citizens who named Russian their native language.

POST-SOVIET CITY AS A PALIMPSEST

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-68
Author(s):  
Elena A. Kosovan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Coordinator ◽  
Post Soviet Period

The author of the publication reviews the photobook “Palimpsests”, published in 2018 in the publishing house “Ad Marginem Press” with the support of the Heinrich Böll Foundation. The book presents photos of post-Soviet cities taken by M. Sher. Preface, the author of which is the coordinator of the “Democracy” program of the Heinrich Böll Foundation in Russia N. Fatykhova, as well as articles by M. Trudolyubov and K. Bush, which accompany these photos, contain explanation of the peculiarities of urban space formation and patterns of its habitation in the Soviet Union times and in the post-Soviet period. The author of the publication highly appreciates the publication under review. Analyzing the photographic works of M. Sher and their interpretation undertaken in the articles, the author of the publication agrees with the main conclusions of N. Fatykhova, M. Trudolyubov and K. Bush with regards to the importance of the role of the state in the processes of urban development and urbanization in the Soviet and post-Soviet space, but points out that the second factor that has a key influence on these processes is ownership relations. The paper positively assesses the approach proposed by the authors of the photobook to the study of the post-Soviet city as an architectural and landscape palimpsest consisting mainly of two layers, “socialist” and “capitalist”. The author of the publication specifically emphasizes the importance of analyzing the archetypal component of this palimpsest, pointing out that the articles published in the reviewed book do not pay sufficient attention to this issue. Particular importance is attributed by the author to the issue of metageography of post-Soviet cities and meta-geographical approach to their exploration. Emphasizing that the urban palimpsest is a system of realities, each in turn including a multitude of ideas, meanings, symbols, and interpretations, the author points out that the photobook “Palimpsests” is actually an invitation to a scientific game with space, which should start a new direction in the study of post-Soviet urban space.

scholarly journals One for all, each on its own: Analysing the post-Soviet system of collective security

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-110
Author(s):  
David Erkomaishvili
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Soviet System ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
Subsequent Transformation ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Security Relations ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 allowed independent states, which emerged in its place, to construct their own alignments. The choice of the case for empirical analysis had been made based on several unique characteristics. Orthodox Alliance Theory had almost never properly addressed alignments in the post-Soviet space due to the lack of access to information during the Soviet period - along with the structure of the state: only Soviet alignment policies were taken into consideration, instead of those of its constituent republics as well - and modest interest of alliance theorists in the region. Continued disintegration of the post-Soviet space, which has not stopped with the collapse of the Soviet Union but keeps fragmenting further, creates a unique setting for researching the adequacy of Alliance Theory's classic assumptions as well as developing new approaches. This work traces the development of the post-Soviet system of collective security and its subsequent transformation into a series of bilateral security relations, along with the shortfall of multilateralism.

scholarly journals Andrey Makarychev, Russian Identities and the Idea of International Society 20 Years after the Fall of the USSR

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 118-135
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Society ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Russian Foreign Policy ◽  
Alternative Policy ◽  
Identity Discourses ◽  
Policy Strategies ◽  
Russian Identity ◽  
Post Soviet Period

In the paper the author analyzes different Russian international identities of the post-Soviet period. Stressing that the Russian identity discourse cannot be simply reduced to the Soviet one, the paper emphasizes the plurality of Russia’s identity discourses. At the same time the menu of Russian foreign policy identities to a large extent depends upon a variety of international structures in which Russia may imagine to engage with. The paper suggests that there are four possible types (models) of the international society, which different Russian identities might be inscribed in. The author seeks to explain the range of Russian international identities by the variety of the patterns of international society which co-exist and offer alternative policy strategies for Moscow.

The Commonwealth of Independent States: an example of failed regionalism?

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (S1) ◽  
pp. 237-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL KUBICEK
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Commonwealth Of Independent States ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
In Cis ◽  
Domestic Level ◽  
Post Soviet Space

AbstractThe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was designed to manage the collapse of the Soviet Union and foster post-Soviet cooperation in political, economic, and security spheres. Over a decade into its existence, most analysts would rate it a failure: many post-Soviet states do not participate in CIS ventures, the institutional machinery of the CIS is weak, and Russia, the most dominant post-Soviet state, has tended to favour bi-lateral relationships over multi-lateral institutions. Why is this the case? This article looks at the CIS through the prism of theories of regionalism, demonstrating that the CIS was handicapped on many fronts, including emergent multi-polarity in the post-Soviet space and domestic-level political considerations in many post-Soviet states.

Russia — a leading or a fading power? Students’ geopolitical meta-narratives on Russia's role in the post-Soviet space

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirke Mäkinen
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Science Students ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Discursive Field ◽  
Russian Universities ◽  
Russian Identity ◽  
Post Soviet Space

This article explores the construction of Russia's role in the post-Soviet space on the popular level of geopolitical culture. This empirical study is based on an interpretative analysis of open-ended survey responses of International Relations and Political Science students in Russian universities. The purpose of the article is twofold: first, to introduce the two main geopolitical meta-narratives constructed from students’ responses, Russia as a leading power and Russia as a fading power; and second, to show how they resonate with the broader discursive field on Russian identity and policies in the post-Soviet space. I argue that the two meta-narratives tell us about both support and challenges posed against the elite level of geopolitical culture, and Russia's foreign policy in the post-Soviet space. They also show variation on how Russia's role is represented, as well as on the goals which Russia should have vis-à-vis this space. The ideal role of Russia would be that of integration leader, but students disagree on whether this is the actual role now, or whether this can ever be attained. Moreover, not all would even agree with aspiring for this role; instead, Russia should re-orientate its foreign policy as well as domestic policy.

Possibility of Applying the Category "Good Faith and Abuse of Procedural Rights" to Participants in Disputes Arising from Corporate Legal Relations under the Legislation of the CIS and Neighboring Countries

Lex Russica ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
N. R. Safaeva
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Wide Margin ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
General Part ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Procedural Rights ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The existence of once common foundations of the procedural legislation of the CIS and neighboring countries with its subsequent independent development is of interest from the point of view of the analysis of individual procedural institutions. The paper examines the institution of abuse of procedural rights in relation to the category of corporate disputes.The procedural legislation of the Soviet period did not fix the concept of abuse of procedural law and did not contain its clear criteria for appropriate classification of certain negative cases in the procedural behavior of a participant in a trial in order to suppress such facts. It is with this "legacy" that the countries of the post-Soviet space approached the problem of abuse of procedural rights in the framework of the formation of their own procedural legislation. Attempts to solve this problem often had cardinal differences.As the analysis of the studied sources shows, the category of "good faith and abuse of procedural rights", in contrast to the Russian procedural legislation, is disclosed in all the examples exclusively within the general part of the procedural laws, which leaves a wide margin of discretion for the law enforcement officer when considering a particular category of disputes. Based on the analysis of the available procedural sources, two constructions of the "good faith — abuse" model were identified. The first one, the "sanctions" model of "good faith-abuse" is presented in most of the procedural sources of the CIS and neighboring countries. The second, "compensatory" model, although singled out separately in the procedural laws, does not disclose the mechanism of compensation for losses by a person who has abused his procedural rights, and therefore seems less effective in terms of protecting the victim from the unfair behavior of his procedural opponent.

scholarly journals Historical Stories of Modern Memorial Wars in the Post-Soviet Space

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
A. V. Kompleev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Period ◽  
Single System ◽  
Historical Images ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The author analyzes the process of the collapse of a single system of historical images that developed during the Soviet period and the reasons for the increase in memorial wars in the Post-Soviet space. It is concluded that historical stories and images related to the Great Patriotic War are widely used in modern memorial wars in the Post-Soviet space.

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