Islam in Karachay-Cherkessia Region During the Soviet Period

Based on a wide range of sources, this article shows the development of Islam on the territory of Karachay- Cherkessia during the Soviet period. In the fi rst years of Soviet power, the declared atheism did not prevent the Bolsheviks from using the religious factor to attract the sympathy of the population. The commonality of Islam and Bolshevism in relation to social equality and justice was declared, and the system of Shari‘a legal proceedings was preserved for some time. As their positions were strengthened, the Bolsheviks no longer needed allies, the religious infrastructure was destroyed, and the clergy, including the Islamic ones, were repressed. However, in the conditions of the Great Patriotic War, when the need arose for the formation of patriotic sentiments, religion again took its, albeit limited, place in public life. The sound policy pursued by the regional authorities with regard to Islam in the 1980s made it possible to successfully resist the onslaught of religious extremism that hit the country in the post- Soviet period and build a religious infrastructure practically from scratch.

Natural Afforestation on Abandoned Agricultural Lands during Post-Soviet Period: A Comparative Landsat Data Analysis of Bordering Regions in Russia and Belarus

Remote monitoring of natural afforestation processes on abandoned agricultural lands is crucial for assessments and predictions of forest cover dynamics, biodiversity, ecosystem functions and services. In this work, we built on the general approach of combining satellite and field data for forest mapping and developed a simple and robust method for afforestation dynamics assessment. This method is based on Landsat imagery and index-based thresholding and specifically targets suitability for limited field data. We demonstrated method’s details and performance by conducting a case study for two bordering districts of Rudnya (Smolensk region, Russia) and Liozno (Vitebsk region, Belarus). This study area was selected because of the striking differences in the development of the agrarian sectors of these countries during the post-Soviet period (1991-present day). We used Landsat data to generate a consistent time series of five-year cloud-free multispectral composite images for the 1985–2020 period via the Google Earth Engine. Three spectral indices, each specifically designed for either forest, water or bare soil identification, were used for forest cover and arable land mapping. Threshold values for indices classification were both determined and verified based on field data and additional samples obtained by visual interpretation of very high-resolution satellite imagery. The developed approach was applied over the full Landsat time series to quantify 35-year afforestation dynamics over the study area. About 32% of initial arable lands and grasslands in the Russian district were afforested by the end of considered period, while the agricultural lands in Belarus’ district decreased only by around 5%. Obtained results are in the good agreement with the previous studies dedicated to the agricultural lands abandonment in the Eastern Europe region. The proposed method could be further developed into a general universally applicable technique for forest cover mapping in different growing conditions at local and regional spatial levels.

Features of Population Reproduction and Assessment of Demographic Security of the Republic of Khakassia in the Context of Siberian and All-Russian Trends in the Post-Soviet Period

The article compares the changes in the demographic situation in the Republic of Khakassia with the regional demographic development of the neighboring republics of Altai and Tyva, as well as Krasnoyarsk Krai against the background of Siberian and all-Russian trends for the period 1990–2020. A comparative analysis of the main indicators of population reproduction of these territories was carried out using the method of multi-regional demographic analysis of dynamic series based on Rosstat data. The conclusion is made about the decrease in the level of demographic security in recent years in the Republic of Khakassia, as well as the country as a whole, due first to a decrease in fertility, and then an increase in mortality against the background of the population ageing.

Civilisation approach in Russia and its historical evolution

The article examines the features of the evolution of the civilisational approach in Russia. The historical stages of the formation of the civilisational approach in Russian political thought, starting from the pre-revolutionary times and ending with the post-Soviet period, are considered. The works of N. Danilevsky, L. Gumilyov, A. Dugin, V. Tsymbursky are analysed. It is concluded that the civilisational approach in Russia was especially in demand due to the specific nature of Russia’s relations with the Western world and within the discussion about Russia’s belonging to European civilisation. In the perspective of the world-system analysis, the development of the civilisational paradigm in Russia was due to its being on the semi-periphery of the capitalist world-system. It has always complicated relations with the Western countries belonging the world-systemic core. The findings can be used within the study of the processes of formation of national and sociocultural identity in the post-Soviet space, as well as in teaching disciplines of the socio-humanitarian block (political science, history of political doctrines).

THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LIFE WORLD IN THE SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET LITERATURE FOR CHILDREN

The article examines the transformation of the image of the life world, reflected in the problematics and value system of significant works of literature for children of the Soviet and post-Soviet period (on the example of Ukrainian and Russian literature). It is shown that literature for children quite clearly reflects the cultural and social environment, which allows the text to be dated to within a decade, but the best works go beyond their immediate context, which allows them to function in fundamentally new social conditions. The study of books that have an enduring popularity even after the country and society where they were created, have ceased to be, demonstrate remarkable vitality. Studying of the complex of ideas and values that underlie these texts can be helpful for better understanding of the axiological constants that can survive political, social and ideological transformations. Other important theme is the transformation of the reception of a text, were some layers of meaning can be actualized, and some – ignored, whether consciously or subconsciously. The study of selective reception of the text according to the dominant cultural paradigm can also have culturological value. Soviet literature for children cannot be evaluated only as a product of a conservative totalitarian society. It was constantly transformed, which led to the fact that the date of writing the text can almost always be set to the nearest decade. The study of these differences helps to see more clearly the trends of cultural change on a civilizational and global scale. Another aspect is the understanding of Ukrainian literature for children, which was formed within the general Soviet paradigm, although it has always had its own uniqueness. With the disintegration of the Union, and especially with the political events of recent years, Ukrainian literature has clearly separated from Russian in terms of both topics and guidelines. It is worth tracing which tendencies are common to both literatures, which are global, and which are peculiar only to our culture. It is also worth researching the comparison of modern Ukrainian literature with other cultural traditions, both to learn from the experience and to assert the uniqueness of their own art and their own world of life.

Inequality of children’s opportunities in extracurricular education in post-Soviet countries

The article considers the problem of inequality of opportunities for children’s participation in extracurricular education in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The differences in the general coverage of extracurricular education and the peculiarities of participation due to the territory of children’s residence (urban and rural) are presented and analysed. There is also a discussion of the trends and causes of changes in extracurricular education’s availability in the post-Soviet period. The article analyses the legislative regulation of the issues of extracurricular education’s accessibility and the content of national policies to ensure the fair and inclusive nature of extracurricular education. An attempt is made to correlate the level of institutionalisation of national regulation of extracurricular education with the participation rate. The article is based on quantitative and qualitative data collected during a two-year study of the institutional transformation of the extracurricular education sector in the countries of the former Soviet Union.

GRAPHIC FEATURES OF THE ADVERTISING POSTERS OF UKRAINIAN FOLK AND POP MUSIC OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX CENTURY

The purposeof this work is to identify the characteristics of the visual language of posters of Ukrainian folk and pop music, the search for relevant graphic solutions for further use in modern design. Methodology.The research method is to observe and compare design objects.The study was based on posters of musical events and folk and pop music groups of Ukraine, developed in different stylistic, figurative and design variants and genres.The chronological boundaries of the study are determined by the period of poster art of Soviet Ukraine in the second half of the XX century and the post-Soviet period of the XX century (1960 – 1999). Results.Features of the development of the visual component of music and song posters of the second half of the XX century was divided into several genre trends in the specified time frame.The analysis of the composition, colors, plot, decorative elements and fonts of posters of folk and pop music of Soviet and post-Soviet Ukraine, in order to identify relevant and outdated graphic solutions. Scientific novelty.The analysis of stylistic features of music and song Ukrainian-Soviet posters according to certain features, elements of visual symbols and graphic components is carried out in the work.Relevant and outdated image-design solutions in the design of posters of the second half of the XX century are revealed. Practical significance.The proposed research and the results presented in the articles can be used in scientific works used with further study of the design elements of Ukrainian posters;in the educational process for the study of case studies.

Documentary sources and methodological landmarks in the research of the creation of the singer Veronica Mihai in the „Folclor” Orchestra

The study aims to identify the main theoretical and methodological criteria, important in shaping the scientific vision applied to the approach of the subject. The author delimits two distinct periods in the evolution of the singer’s repertoire: the late Soviet period (1968–1991) and the post-Soviet period (1991–1999). The main focus is on the Soviet epoch. Among the documentary sources are the materials stored in the IPNA archive – “TeleradioMoldova” Company, the personal files of the artists, the minutes of the Artistic Council, the musical scores, the library of the editorial offices within the institution. To substantiate the theoretical framework of the study, the author argues the need to instrumentalize the concepts of „Soviet folk song”, „mass song”, „creator&producer networks”, „modernization”, „revitalization”, „invented traditions”, „folklorization”, „new folk songs”, „neo-traditional music”.

Geodemographic Dynamics of Crimean Population: Main Trends and Factors of Post-Soviet Period

The article examines the geodemographic dynamics of the Crimea in the post-Soviet period: changes in the population of the peninsula, its centers and territories; changeable ratio of natural and migration components, and shifts in the settlement system. In the dynamics of the processes under analysis, four stages are distinguished: three of them relate to the Ukrainian period of the Crimea’s development, and the last one it is the Russian stage which begins in 2014. Until the mid-1990s (the first stage), the population of the peninsula continues to grow, despite the natural decline and increased outflow to Russia. The main reason for this is the large-scale re-emigration of Crimean Tatars to the peninsula, most of whom settle in the interior of the Crimea. The next stage (late 1990s – the middle of the 2000s) is associated with a significant depopulation of the region, primarily due to a high natural population decline. The third stage (the second half of the 2000s – the beginning of the 2010s), at which the depopulation is replaced by a minimal increase in the population of the peninsula, is associated with an improvement of the indicators of its natural reproduction and a certain increase in the migration influx. The features of the Russian development stage are set by two multi-component processes. Migration activity is determined by the consequences of the transition of the Crimea to Russia. Meanwhile in the natural reproduction, a central role is played by a small generation of the 1990s entering into the reproductive age, with such consequences as a rapid decline in the birth rate and an increase in natural loss. The result of these processes is a certain stabilization of the population of the Crimea. The situation in which the natural decline is offset by the migration influx is likely to continue in the nearest future and in the medium term period (until 2030–2035). The main trend in the spatial distribution of the demographic potential of the Crimea in the last 15–20 years is a gradual increase in the proportion of the population settled on the coast and in the coastal zone 15–20 km wide.

Forming domestic ergonomics and ergodesign in the soviet period

The 60s-80s of the last century are characterized by emerging a number of theoretical and methodological works devoted to new understanding of design as a person’s interaction with his objective world. These are the works of designers (Fedorov M.V., Minervin G.B. and others), philosophers (Kantor K.M., Shchedrovitsky G.P., Yudin E.G.) and psychologists (Zinchenko V.P., Munipov V.M., Chainova L.D. and others). Common positions were noted in a variety of interpretations; these positions are interdisciplinarity and project-based design. Intensive development of technical means of labour activity determined the need to have an integral system of ideas about a working person, his labour activity, his relationship with the machine and with the environment, his ergonomics. Thanks to the research and development of prominent Russian philosophers, engineers and psychologists, ergonomics received the status of an interdisciplinary, scientific and design discipline of a new type, based on a systemic methodology and an activity approach. On the basis of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Technical Aesthetics, founded in 1962, a productive integration of design and ergonomics tools was fulfilled; a direction was formed, which would later be called ergodesign. Special interdisciplinary research, projects and developments were organized where specialists from different fields of knowledge studying the human nature participated. In the process of these events the ideas of various disciplines were synthesized. A significant part of the research in the field of ergodesign in the period of 1960s-1980s was carried out within the framework of a closed problem in the field of space ergonomics and defence technology. Some of the solutions in the field of space ergonomics and defence technology related to the developments conversion in the post-Soviet period are discussed in this article.