scholarly journals De Digitale Charterbank Nederland

2021 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-119
Author(s):  
Jan Burgers ◽  
Rik Hoekstra
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Retrieval Systems ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Source Retrieval

In de Nederlandse archieven worden tienduizenden oorkonden (ofwel charters) bewaard uit de middeleeuwen en de vroegmoderne tijd. Dit materiaal vormt een onschatbare bron van informatie over allerlei maatschappelijke aspecten. Toch worden deze oorkonden in het historisch onderzoek nog weinig gebruikt, vanwege de gecompliceerde heuristiek: de documenten zijn verspreid over tientallen archieven en honderden archieffondsen. De Digitale Charterbank Nederland (DCN) maakt het grootste deel van dit corpus nu toegankelijk in een geïntegreerde database, waarin alle stukken vindbaar zijn. Ons artikel bespreekt de opzet van DCN en de praktische consequenties daarvan voor de gebruiker. De database kent specifieke mogelijkheden maar ook bepaalde beperkingen, en dit artikel toont hoe DCN kan helpen bij zowel gedetailleerd onderzoek naar personen of plaatsen als bij brede studies over een lange periode. Tevens wordt ingegaan op de invloed van de nieuwe grootschalige digitale bronontsluitingen en de bijbehorende hulpmiddelen en technieken op het historisch onderzoek.The Dutch archives hold tens of thousands of charters from the Middle Ages and early modern period, providing an invaluable source of information on various societal aspects. Yet, this material is scarcely used in historical research mainly due to its complicated heuristics: the documents are spread across dozens of archives and hundreds of archival funds. The Digitale Charterbank Nederland (DCN) now makes most of this corpus accessible through an integrated database in which all documents can be found. Our article discusses the set-up of DCN and its practical consequences for the user. The database has specific possibilities but also certain limitations, and this article shows how DCN can help with both detailed research into persons or places, and with more broadly oriented research covering a long period of time. The article further includes a reflection on the impact of new large scale digital source retrieval systems and the associated tools and techniques on historical research.

scholarly journals Pervasive Arctic lead pollution suggests substantial growth in medieval silver production modulated by plague, climate, and conflict

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (30) ◽  
pp. 14910-14915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. McConnell ◽  
Nathan J. Chellman ◽  
Andrew I. Wilson ◽  
Andreas Stohl ◽  
Monica M. Arienzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Lead Pollution ◽  
Lower Growth

Lead pollution in Arctic ice reflects large-scale historical changes in midlatitude industrial activities such as ancient lead/silver production and recent fossil fuel burning. Here we used measurements in a broad array of 13 accurately dated ice cores from Greenland and Severnaya Zemlya to document spatial and temporal changes in Arctic lead pollution from 200 BCE to 2010 CE, with interpretation focused on 500 to 2010 CE. Atmospheric transport modeling indicates that Arctic lead pollution was primarily from European emissions before the 19th-century Industrial Revolution. Temporal variability was surprisingly similar across the large swath of the Arctic represented by the array, with 250- to 300-fold increases in lead pollution observed from the Early Middle Ages to the 1970s industrial peak. Superimposed on these exponential changes were pronounced, multiannual to multidecadal variations, marked by increases coincident with exploitation of new mining regions, improved technologies, and periods of economic prosperity; and decreases coincident with climate disruptions, famines, major wars, and plagues. Results suggest substantial overall growth in lead/silver mining and smelting emissions—and so silver production—from the Early through High Middle Ages, particularly in northern Europe, with lower growth during the Late Middle Ages into the Early Modern Period. Near the end of the second plague pandemic (1348 to ∼1700 CE), lead pollution increased sharply through the Industrial Revolution. North American and European pollution abatement policies have reduced Arctic lead pollution by >80% since the 1970s, but recent levels remain ∼60-fold higher than at the start of the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals Experimental illumination of natural habitat—an experimental set-up to assess the direct and indirect ecological consequences of artificial light of different spectral composition

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1667) ◽  
pp. 20140129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamiel Spoelstra ◽  
Roy H. A. van Grunsven ◽  
Maurice Donners ◽  
Phillip Gienapp ◽  
Martinus E. Huigens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Spectral Composition ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

Artificial night-time illumination of natural habitats has increased dramatically over the past few decades. Generally, studies that assess the impact of artificial light on various species in the wild make use of existing illumination and are therefore correlative. Moreover, studies mostly focus on short-term consequences at the individual level, rather than long-term consequences at the population and community level—thereby ignoring possible unknown cascading effects in ecosystems. The recent change to LED lighting has opened up the exciting possibility to use light with a custom spectral composition, thereby potentially reducing the negative impact of artificial light. We describe here a large-scale, ecosystem-wide study where we experimentally illuminate forest-edge habitat with different spectral composition, replicated eight times. Monitoring of species is being performed according to rigid protocols, in part using a citizen-science-based approach, and automated where possible. Simultaneously, we specifically look at alterations in behaviour, such as changes in activity, and daily and seasonal timing. In our set-up, we have so far observed that experimental lights facilitate foraging activity of pipistrelle bats, suppress activity of wood mice and have effects on birds at the community level, which vary with spectral composition. Thus far, we have not observed effects on moth populations, but these and many other effects may surface only after a longer period of time.

scholarly journals Increased grazing drives homogenisation but reduced grazing increases turnover in upland habitat mosaics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin J. Pakeman ◽  
Debbie A. Fielding
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Species Replacement ◽  
Habitat Mosaics ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Original Species ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMany ecosystems are grazed by livestock or large, wild herbivores and exist as mosaics of different vegetation communities. Changing grazing could have an impact on heterogeneity as well as on composition. A long-term, large-scale grazing experiment that maintained existing low-intensity sheep grazing, tripled it, removed it and partially substituted sheep grazing by cattle grazing was set up on a mosaic of upland vegetation types. The impact of changing grazing regimes was assessed in terms of changes in temporal and spatial species and functional beta diversity. Removal of grazing had the highest impact on species replacement, whilst increased grazing was closest to maintaining the original species complement. Wet heath and Molina mire had the lowest turnover, but wet heath showed the highest changes in unidirectional abundance as it contained species capable of increasing in abundance in response to changing grazing intensity. Agrostis-Festuca and Nardus grasslands displayed the highest level of balanced species replacement reflecting their more dynamic vegetation. In functional terms, there was no clear separation of communities based on their grazing preference, all were relatively resistant to change but Nardus grassland was the most resistant to the removal of grazing. The increased offtake associated with increased grazing led to a degree of homogenisation as grazing tolerant species associated with preferred communities increased in the unpreferred ones. Decisions about grazing management of the uplands involve many trade-offs, and this study identified potential trade-offs between stability and homogenisation to add to existing ones on the biodiversity of different groups of species and on ecosystem services.

scholarly journals Rubella in pregnant women and newborns in France: 2001 data from the Rénarub network

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Six ◽  
L Bouraoui ◽  
D Lévy-Bruhl
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
National Level ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Principle Source

The Rénarub network, set up in 1976, is the principle source of information on the epidemiology of rubella in France (1, 2). Its objective is to collate, at national level, cases of rubella occurring during pregnancy and congenital rubella, and more widely, to evaluate the impact of vaccination policy and prevention measures put in place in France with the aim of eliminating congenital rubella. The full version of this article is available on the website of the Institut de Veille Sanitaire, including the new case definition, more detailed results (http://www.invs.sante.fr/publications/2003/rubeole_2001/rubbeh_2001.pdf), and a list of laboratories participating in the network (http://www.invs.sante.fr/publications/2003/rubeole_2001/reseau_renarub.htm).

Share and share alike?

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-325
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Whalen ◽  
Amanda Belarmino ◽  
Scott Taylor Jr
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Sharing Economy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Social Exchanges ◽  
Craft Beer ◽  
Mixed Factorial Design ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The growing trend for online peer-to-peer commerce has changed the way consumers purchase and exchange products and services across a wide variety of industries, including the craft beer industry. The lack of large scale distribution channels for local breweries has led to a growing market for social exchanges across the country. However, these barter systems remain more obscure compared to their mega counterparts in monetary exchange systems. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate how the set-up of online beer marketplaces impacts the perceptions of source attractiveness as moderated by the perceived risks to encourage exchange behaviors. Design/methodology/approach Using an established beer exchange community, members appraised the impact of avatar profiles in their decision-making process based on user congruity, product congruity and risk perceptions. The research was conducted using a 2×2 between subjects mixed factorial design. Findings Product attractiveness and risk perceptions influenced behavioral intentions while user attractiveness did not. This is counter to past research that emphasizes the importance of relationships in sharing economy contexts. Originality/value This research shifts the discourse for sharing economy platforms from monetizing trust to prioritizing the product. While much of the emphasis had previously been on facilitating relationships between the supplier and customers on sharing economy websites, this may indicate that there needs to be a shift to prioritizing the product.

Dressed in Blue: The Impact of Woad on English Clothing, c. 1350–c. 1670

Costume ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Impact

This paper seeks to explore the changing importance of blue colours, blue dyes and woad in particular in England in the late Middle Ages and early modern period. It does so by considering six themes — the popularity and fashionability of blue; blue and its significance within the Order of the Garter; blue as a colour worn by the lower social groups and its association with poverty and livery; colour symbolism of blue; blue and court entertainments; blue and the liturgy — but it will start with a review of blue colours and blue dyes.

Marian Devotion and Confessional Identity in Sixteenth-Century Germany

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 218-227
Author(s):  
Bridget Heal
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Marian Devotion ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Confessional Identity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The Virgin Mary provided a powerful focal point for religious identity. During the early modern period Mary-worship marked out one Christian confession from another, rather than Christian from Jew, as in the Middle Ages, or Catholic from secularist, as in more modern times. Intra-Christian disputes over Mary’s status were particularly intense in Germany, the heartland of the Reformation, where Catholic and Protestant lived side by side. This paper will consider the fate of Marian imagery and devotion in three of Germany’s key free cities: Nuremberg, Augsburg, and Cologne. Each city had a different confessional structure: Nuremberg adopted the Lutheran faith in 1525; Augsburg’s council introduced wide-ranging and radical (Zwinglian-influenced) reforms in the 1530s but the city had religious parity imposed on it in 1548; Cologne remained Catholic, despite the presence of a considerable Protestant minority within its city walls and the attempts of two archbishops to introduce a synodal Reformation. These three cities therefore illustrate the spectrum of possible responses of traditional Marian veneration to the pressures of Protestant and Catholic reform. A comparison between them allows us to assess the impact of both doctrinal debate and local circumstance on the expression of Marian piety, and reveals the various ways in which Marian devotion might be used to create confessional consciousness and define religious allegiance.

scholarly journals Visualizing the Impact of Cyberattacks on Web-Based Transactions on Large-Scale Data and Knowledge-Based Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-104
Author(s):  
Mani Manavalan ◽  
Nur Mohammad Ali Chisty
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Infiltration Process ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Large Scale Data ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Manual approaches rely on the abilities and knowledge of individual human administrators to detect, analyze, and interpret attacks. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are systems that can automatically detect and warn the appropriate persons when an attack occurs. Despite the fact that individual attacks can be useful, they are frequently insufficient for understanding the entire attacking process, as well as the attackers' talents and objectives. The attacking stage is usually merely a component of a larger infiltration process, during which attackers gather information and set up the proper conditions before launching an attack, after which they clear log records in order to conceal their footprints and disappear. In today's assault scenarios, the pre-definition of cause-and-effect links between events is required, which is a tough and time-consuming task that takes considerable effort. Our technique for creating attack scenarios is based on the linking nature of web pages, and it does not require the pre-definition of cause and effect links, as demonstrated in previous work. Constructed situations are displayed in spatial and temporal coordinate systems to make viewing and analyzing them more convenient. In addition, we develop a prototype implementation of the concept, which we utilize to test a number of assault scenario scenarios.

Trade Networks

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Guidi Bruscoli
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
European Expansion ◽  
The North ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Commercial Networks ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
European Development ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

The discovery of America and, more broadly, the European expansion to other continents are the major events characterizing the trade networks of the Renaissance. Several scholars have discussed the impact of these factors on European development as well as on the world’s steps toward capitalism and globalization. Circa the mid-17th century (the chronological limit of this bibliography), however, inter-European trade still made up the majority of overall trade. By and large, trade was not badly affected by the otherwise disastrous consequences of the Black Death of the mid-14th century. The demands of those who survived, constantly fueled by a wider range of products available on the market, along with a much-improved transport system, led to an increase in the volume of trade. International merchants were able to set up extensive commercial networks or broaden existing ones, which extended into a number of prominent towns. Beginning in the 16th century, following the exploration of the African coast by the Portuguese, their arrival in India, and, in particular, the discovery of America, trade expanded globally. Commercial empires sprang up—first in the countries of the Iberian Peninsula, then in the northwestern European countries (notably England and Holland and, to a lesser extent, France). In the seventeenth century, merchants from these areas began to strengthen their influence in the Mediterranean, thus reversing what formerly had been the scenario in the late Middle Ages, when southern European and German merchants dominated in the North Sea.

The impact of different genetic models on the optimum design of crossbreeding experiments

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sölkner
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Genetic Models ◽  
Design Efficiency ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Hereford Cattle ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Biological Interpretation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTA method for the iterative set-up of optimum designs for crossbreeding experiments was used to study the robustness of designs to differences in the biological interpretation of two-locus epistatic interaction. Designs could be found which are efficient for the estimation of genetic models including, alternatively, seven different types of epistatic effects. Also, the design efficiency of a large-scale beef cattle crossbreeding experiment between Angus and Hereford cattle conducted at the Clay Center, Nebraska, and reported by Koch, Dickerson, Cundiff and Gregory (1985) was investigated and found to be high (proportionately 0·88 of the optimum). It was concluded that choice of the right genetic groups (i.e. types of crossbreds) seems to be more important for a good design than the exact number of observations allocated to each group.

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