scholarly journals On realistic size equivalence and shape of spheroidal Saharan mineral dust particles applied in solar and thermal radiative transfer calculations

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4469-4490 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Otto ◽  
T. Trautmann ◽  
M. Wendisch
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Radiative Heating ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Axis Ratio ◽  
Solar Cooling ◽  
Prolate Shape ◽  
Spheroidal Model

Abstract. Realistic size equivalence and shape of Saharan mineral dust particles are derived from in-situ particle, lidar and sun photometer measurements during SAMUM-1 in Morocco (19 May 2006), dealing with measured size- and altitude-resolved axis ratio distributions of assumed spheroidal model particles. The data were applied in optical property, radiative effect, forcing and heating effect simulations to quantify the realistic impact of particle non-sphericity. It turned out that volume-to-surface equivalent spheroids with prolate shape are most realistic: particle non-sphericity only slightly affects single scattering albedo and asymmetry parameter but may enhance extinction coefficient by up to 10 %. At the bottom of the atmosphere (BOA) the Saharan mineral dust always leads to a loss of solar radiation, while the sign of the forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) depends on surface albedo: solar cooling/warming over a mean ocean/land surface. In the thermal spectral range the dust inhibits the emission of radiation to space and warms the BOA. The most realistic case of particle non-sphericity causes changes of total (solar plus thermal) forcing by 55/5 % at the TOA over ocean/land and 15 % at the BOA over both land and ocean and enhances total radiative heating within the dust plume by up to 20 %. Large dust particles significantly contribute to all the radiative effects reported. They strongly enhance the absorbing properties and forward scattering in the solar and increase predominantly, e.g., the total TOA forcing of the dust over land.

scholarly journals On realistic size equivalence and shape of spheroidal Saharan mineral dust particles applied in solar and thermal radiative transfer calculations

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 29191-29247
Author(s):  
S. Otto ◽  
T. Trautmann ◽  
M. Wendisch
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Radiative Heating ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Axis Ratio ◽  
Solar Cooling ◽  
Prolate Shape ◽  
Spheroidal Model

Abstract. Realistic size equivalence and shape of Saharan mineral dust particles are derived from on in-situ particle, lidar and sun photometer measurements during SAMUM-1 in Morocco (19 May 2006), dealing with measured size- and altitude-resolved axis ratio distributions of assumed spheroidal model particles. The data were applied in optical property, radiative effect, forcing and heating effect simulations to quantify the realistic impact of particle non-sphericity. It turned out that volume-to-surface equivalent spheroids with prolate shape are most realistic: particle non-sphericity only slightly affects single scattering albedo and asymmetry parameter but may enhance extinction coefficient by up to 10%. At the bottom of the atmosphere (BOA) the Saharan mineral dust always leads to a loss of solar radiation, while the sign of the forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) depends on surface albedo: solar cooling/warming over a mean ocean/land surface. In the thermal spectral range the dust inhibits the emission of radiation to space and warms the BOA. The most realistic case of particle non-sphericity causes changes of total (solar plus thermal) forcing by 55/5% at the TOA over ocean/land and 15% at the BOA over both land and ocean and enhances total radiative heating within the dust plume by up to 20%. Large dust particles significantly contribute to all the radiative effects reported.

scholarly journals Inferring iron oxides species content in atmospheric mineral dust from DSCOVR EPIC observations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujung Go ◽  
Alexei Lyapustin ◽  
Gregory L. Schuster ◽  
Myungje Choi ◽  
Paul Ginoux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Mass Fractions ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Abstract. The iron-oxide content of dust in the atmosphere and most notably its apportionment between hematite (α-Fe2O3) and goethite (α-FeOOH) are key determinants in quantifying dust's light absorption, its top of atmosphere UV radiances used for dust monitoring, and ultimately shortwave dust direct radiative effects (DRE). Hematite and goethite column mass concentrations and iron-oxide mass fractions of total dust mass concentration were retrieved from the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) measurements in the ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) channels. The retrievals were performed for dust-identified aerosol plumes using aerosol optical depth (AOD) and spectral imaginary refractive index provided by the Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithm over six continental regions (North America, North Africa, West Asia, Central Asia, East Asia, and Australia). The dust particles are represented as an internal mixture of non-absorbing host and absorbing hematite and goethite. We use the Maxwell–Garnett effective medium approximation with carefully selected complex refractive indices of hematite and goethite that produce mass fractions of iron oxides species consistent with in situ values found in the literature to derive the hematite and goethite volumetric/mass concentrations from MAIAC EPIC products. We compared the retrieved hematite and goethite concentrations with in situ dust aerosol mineralogical content measurements, as well as with published data. Our data display variations within the published range of hematite, goethite, and iron-oxide mass fractions for pure mineral dust cases. A specific analysis is presented for 15 sites over the main dust source regions. Sites in the central Sahara, Sahel, and Middle East exhibit a greater temporal variability of iron oxides relative to other sites. Niger site (13.52° N, 2.63° E) is dominated by goethite over Harmattan season with median of ~2 weight percentage (wt.%) of iron-oxide. Saudi Arabia site (27.49° N, 41.98° E) over Middle East also exhibited surge of goethite content with the beginning of Shamal season. The Sahel dust is richer in iron-oxide than Saharan and northern China dust except in Summer. The Bodélé Depression area shows a distinctively lower iron-oxide concentration (~1 wt. %) throughout the year. Finally, we show that EPIC data allow to constrain the hematite refractive index. Specifically, we select 5 out of 13 different number of hematite refractive indices widely variable in published laboratory studies by constraining the iron-oxide mass ratio to the known measured values. Provided climatology of hematite and goethite mass fractions across main dust regions of the Earth will be useful for dust shortwave DRE studies and climate modeling. 

scholarly journals Aerosol-type classification based on AERONET version 3 inversion products

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 3789-3803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Kyun Shin ◽  
Matthias Tesche ◽  
Youngmin Noh ◽  
Detlef Müller
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollution ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Asian Dust ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Aerosol Types ◽  
Type Classification ◽  
Aerosol Type

Abstract. This study proposes an aerosol-type classification based on the particle linear depolarization ratio (PLDR) and single-scattering albedo (SSA) provided in the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) version 3 level 2.0 inversion product. We compare our aerosol-type classification with an earlier method that uses fine-mode fraction (FMF) and SSA. Our new method allows for a refined classification of mineral dust that occurs as a mixture with other absorbing aerosols: pure dust (PD), dust-dominated mixed plume (DDM), and pollutant-dominated mixed plume (PDM). We test the aerosol classification at AERONET sites in East Asia that are frequently affected by mixtures of Asian dust and biomass-burning smoke or anthropogenic pollution. We find that East Asia is strongly affected by pollution particles with high occurrence frequencies of 50 % to 67 %. The distribution and types of pollution particles vary with location and season. The frequency of PD and dusty aerosol mixture (DDM+PDM) is slightly lower (34 % to 49 %) than pollution-dominated mixtures. Pure dust particles have been detected in only 1 % of observations. This suggests that East Asian dust plumes generally exist in a mixture with pollution aerosols rather than in pure form. In this study, we have also considered data from selected AERONET sites that are representative of anthropogenic pollution, biomass-burning smoke, and mineral dust. We find that average aerosol properties obtained for aerosol types in our PLDR–SSA-based classification agree reasonably well with those obtained at AERONET sites representative for different aerosol types.

scholarly journals TEM analysis of the internal structures and mineralogy of Asian dust particles and the implications for optical modeling

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 6619-6661 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Y. Jeong ◽  
T. Nousiainen
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Asian Dust ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Internal Structures

Abstract. Mineral dust interacts with incoming/outgoing electromagnetic radiation in the atmosphere. This interaction depends on the microphysical properties of the dust particles, including size, mineral composition, external morphology, and internal structure. Ideally all these properties should be accounted for in dust remote sensing, the modeling of single-scattering properties, and radiative effect assessment. There have been many reports on the microphysical characterizations of mineral dust, but no investigations of the internal structures or mineral composition of individual dust particles. We explored the interiors of Asian dust particles using the combined application of focused ion beam thin-slice preparation and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that individual dust particles consisted of numerous mineral grains, which were organized into several types of internal structure: single and polycrystalline cores of quartz, feldspars, calcite, and amphibole often with oriented clay coatings; individual clay agglomerates of nano-thin clay platelets showing preferred to random orientations commonly with coarser mineral inclusions; and platy coarse phyllosilicates (muscovite, biotite, and chlorite). Micron to submicron pores were scattered throughout the interior of particles. Clays in the coatings and agglomerates were dominated by nano-thin platelets of the clay minerals of illite-smectite series including illite, smectite, and their mixed layers with subordinate kaolinite and clay-size chlorite. Submicron iron oxide grains, dominantly goethite, were distributed throughout the clay agglomerates and coatings. Unlike the common assumptions and simplifications, we found that the analyzed dust particles were irregularly shaped with birefringent, polycrystalline, and polymineralic heterogeneous compositions. Accounting for this structural and mineralogical makeup may improve the remote sensing retrieval of dust and the evaluation of radiation effects, but will also require sophisticated single-scattering modeling. In particular, the observed internal structures of dust particles such as clay coatings, preferred orientation, embedded grains in clays, and pores, likely have a great impact on the light scattering of dust particles. The distribution and size of structural components with contrasting dielectric properties, such as iron oxides, should also be explicitly accounted for.

scholarly journals Single scattering by realistic, inhomogeneous mineral dust particles with stereogrammetric shapes

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Lindqvist ◽  
O. Jokinen ◽  
K. Kandler ◽  
D. Scheuvens ◽  
T. Nousiainen
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Dipole Approximation ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Retrieval Method ◽  
Shape Model ◽  
Microscope Images ◽  
Random Spheres ◽  
Particle Shapes

Abstract. Light scattering by single, inhomogeneous mineral dust particles was simulated based on shapes and compositions derived directly from measurements of real dust particles instead of using a mathematical shape model. We demonstrate the use of the stereogrammetric shape retrieval method in the context of single-scattering modelling of mineral dust for four different dust types – all of them inhomogeneous – ranging from compact, equidimensional shapes to very elongated and aggregate shapes. The three-dimensional particle shapes were derived from stereo pairs of scanning-electron microscope images, and inhomogeneous composition was determined by mineralogical interpretation of localized elemental information based on energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Scattering computations were performed for particles of equal-volume diameters, from 0.08 μm up to 2.8 μm at 550 nm wavelength, using the discrete-dipole approximation. Particle-to-particle variation in scattering by mineral dust was found to be quite considerable and was not well reproduced by simplified shapes of homogeneous spheres, spheroids, or Gaussian random spheres. Effective-medium approximation results revealed that particle inhomogeneity should be accounted for even for small amounts of absorbing media (here up to 2% of the volume), especially when considering scattering by inhomogeneous particles at size parameters 3

scholarly journals 3+2 + <i>X</i>: what is the most useful depolarization input for retrieving microphysical properties of non-spherical particles from lidar measurements using the spheroid model of Dubovik et al. (2006)?

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 4421-4437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Tesche ◽  
Alexei Kolgotin ◽  
Moritz Haarig ◽  
Sharon P. Burton ◽  
Richard A. Ferrare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Input Parameter ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Axis Ratio ◽  
532 Nm

Abstract. The typical multiwavelength aerosol lidar data set for inversion of optical to microphysical parameters is composed of three backscatter coefficients (β) at 355, 532, and 1064 nm and two extinction coefficients (α) at 355 and 532 nm. This data combination is referred to as a 3β+2α or 3+2 data set. This set of data is sufficient for retrieving some important microphysical particle parameters if the particles have spherical shape. Here, we investigate the effect of including the particle linear depolarization ratio (δ) as a third input parameter for the inversion of lidar data. The inversion algorithm is generally not used if measurements show values of δ that exceed 0.10 at 532 nm, i.e. in the presence of non-spherical particles such as desert dust, volcanic ash, and, under special circumstances, biomass-burning smoke. We use experimental data collected with instruments that are capable of measuring δ at all three lidar wavelengths with an inversion routine that applies the spheroidal light-scattering model of Dubovik et al. (2006) with a fixed axis-ratio distribution to replicate scattering properties of non-spherical particles. The inversion gives the fraction of spheroids required to replicate the optical data as an additional output parameter. This is the first systematic test of the effect of using all theoretically possible combinations of δ taken at 355, 532, and 1064 nm as input in the lidar data inversion. We find that depolarization information of at least one wavelength already provides useful information for the inversion of optical data that have been collected in the presence of non-spherical mineral dust particles. However, any choice of δλ will give lower values of the single-scattering albedo than the traditional 3+2 data set. We find that input data sets that include δ355 give a spheroid fraction that closely resembles the dust ratio we obtain from using β532 and δ532 in a methodology applied in aerosol-type separation. The use of δ355 in data sets of two or three δλ reduces the spheroid fraction that is retrieved when using δ532 and δ1064. Use of the latter two parameters without accounting for δ355 generally leads to high spheroid fractions that we consider not trustworthy. The use of three δλ instead of two δλ, including the constraint that one of these is measured at 355 nm does not provide any advantage over using 3+2+δ355 for the observations with varying contributions of mineral dust considered here. However, additional measurements at wavelengths different from 355 nm would be desirable for application to a wider range of aerosol scenarios that may include non-spherical smoke particles, which can have values of δ355 that are indistinguishable from those found for mineral dust. We therefore conclude that – depending on measurement capability – the future standard input for inversion of lidar data taken in the presence of mineral dust particles and using the spheroid model of Dubovik et al. (2006) might be 3+2+δ355 or 3+2+δ355+δ532.

scholarly journals TEM analysis of the internal structures and mineralogy of Asian dust particles and the implications for optical modeling

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 7233-7254 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Y. Jeong ◽  
T. Nousiainen
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Asian Dust ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
Internal Structures

Abstract. Mineral dust interacts with incoming/outgoing electromagnetic radiation in the atmosphere. This interaction depends on the microphysical properties of the dust particles, including size, mineral composition, external morphology, and internal structure. Ideally all of these properties should be accounted for in the remote sensing of dust, the modeling of single-scattering properties, and radiative effect assessment. There have been many reports on the microphysical characterizations of mineral dust, but no investigations of the internal structures of individual dust particles. We explored the interiors of Asian dust particles using the combined application of focused ion beam thin-slice preparation and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that individual dust particles consisted of numerous mineral grains, which were organized into several types of internal structure: single and polycrystalline cores of quartz, feldspars, calcite, and amphibole often with oriented clay coatings; individual clay agglomerates of nano-thin clay platelets showing preferred to random orientations common with coarser mineral inclusions; and platy coarse phyllosilicates (muscovite, biotite, and chlorite). Micron to submicron pores were scattered throughout the interior of particles. Clays in the coatings and agglomerates were dominated by nano-thin platelets of the clay minerals of illite–smectite series including illite, smectite, and their mixed layers with subordinate kaolinite and clay-sized chlorite. Submicron iron oxide grains, dominantly goethite, were distributed throughout the clay agglomerates and coatings. Unlike the common assumptions and simplifications, we found that the analyzed dust particles were irregularly shaped with birefringent, polycrystalline, and polymineralic heterogeneous compositions. Accounting for this structural and mineralogical makeup may improve the remote sensing retrieval of dust and the evaluation of radiation effects, but will also require sophisticated single-scattering modeling. In particular, the observed internal structures of dust particles such as clay coatings, preferred orientation, embedded grains in clays, and pores, have the potential to considerably impact on the light scattering by dust particles. The distribution and size of structural components with contrasting dielectric properties, such as iron oxides, should also be explicitly accounted for.

scholarly journals Technical note: Mineralogical, chemical, morphological, and optical interrelationships of mineral dust re-suspensions

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 10809-10830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann P. Engelbrecht ◽  
Hans Moosmüller ◽  
Samuel Pincock ◽  
R. K. M. Jayanty ◽  
Traci Lersch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Climate Modeling ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Particle Analysis ◽  
Scattering Coefficients ◽  
Suspension Process ◽  
Mass Fractions

Abstract. This paper promotes an understanding of the mineralogical, chemical, and physical interrelationships of re-suspended mineral dusts collected as grab samples from global dust sources. Surface soils were collected from arid regions, including the southwestern USA, Mali, Chad, Morocco, Canary Islands, Cabo Verde, Djibouti, Afghanistan, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Serbia, China, Namibia, Botswana, Australia, and Chile. The  <  38 µm sieved fraction of each sample was re-suspended in a chamber, from which the airborne mineral dust could be extracted, sampled, and analyzed. Instruments integrated into the entrainment facility included two PM10 and two PM2.5 filter samplers, a beta attenuation gauge for the continuous measurement of PM10 and PM2.5 particulate mass fractions, an aerodynamic particle size analyzer, and a three-wavelength (405, 532, 781 nm) photoacoustic instrument with integrating reciprocal nephelometer for monitoring absorption and scattering coefficients during the dust re-suspension process. Filter sampling media included Teflon® membrane and quartz fiber filters for chemical analysis and Nuclepore® filters for individual particle analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The  <  38 µm sieved fractions were also analyzed by X-ray diffraction for their mineral content while the  >  75,  <  125 µm soil fractions were mineralogically assessed by optical microscopy. Presented here are results of the optical measurements, showing the interdependency of single-scattering albedos (SSA) at three different wavelengths and mineralogical content of the entrained dust samples. To explain the elevated concentrations of iron (Fe) and Fe ∕ Al ratios in the soil re-suspensions, we propose that dust particles are to a large extent composed of nano-sized particles of micas, clays, metal oxides, and ions of potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and sodium (Na+) evenly dispersed as a colloid or adsorbed in amorphous clay-like material. Also shown are differences in SSA of the kaolinite/hematite/goethite samples from Mali and those from colloidal soils elsewhere. Results from this study can be integrated into a database of mineral dust properties, for applications in climate modeling, remote sensing, visibility, health (medical geology), ocean fertilization, and impact on equipment.

scholarly journals Radiative heating rates profiles associated with a springtime case of Bodélé and Sudan dust transport over West Africa

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 8131-8150 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lemaître ◽  
C. Flamant ◽  
J. Cuesta ◽  
J.-C. Raut ◽  
P. Chazette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Radiative Heating ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Dust Layer ◽  
In Situ Observations

Abstract. The radiative heating rate due to mineral dust over West Africa is investigated using the radiative code STREAMER, as well as remote sensing and in situ observations gathered during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis Special Observing Period (AMMA SOP). We focus on two days (13 and 14 June 2006) of an intense and long lasting episode of dust being lifted in remote sources in Chad and Sudan and transported across West Africa in the African easterly jet region, during which airborne operations were conducted at the regional scale, from the southern fringes of the Sahara to the Gulf of Guinea. Profiles of heating rates are computed from airborne LEANDRE 2 (Lidar Embarqué pour l'étude de l'Atmosphère: Nuages Dynamique, Rayonnement et cycle de l'Eau) and space-borne CALIOP (Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) lidar observations using two mineral dust model constrained by airborne in situ data and ground-based sunphotometer obtained during the campaign. Complementary spaceborne observations (from the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-MODIS) and in-situ observations such as dropsondes are also used to take into account the infrared contribution of the water vapour. We investigate the variability of the heating rate on the vertical within a dust plume, as well as the contribution of both shortwave and longwave radiation to the heating rate and the radiative heating rate profiles of dust during daytime and nighttime. The sensitivity of the so-derived heating rate is also analyzed for some key variables for which the associated uncertainties may be large. During daytime, the warming associated with the presence of dust was found to be between 1.5 K day−1 and 4 K day−1, on average, depending on altitude and latitude. Strong warming (i.e. heating rates as high as 8 K day−1) was also observed locally in some limited part of the dust plumes. The uncertainty on the heating rate retrievals in the optically thickest part of the dust plume was estimated to be between 0.5 and 1.4 K day−1. During nighttime much smaller values of heating/cooling are retrieved (less than ±1 K day−1). Furthermore, cooling is observed as the result of the longwave forcing in the dust layer, while warming is observed below the dust layer, in the monsoon layer.

scholarly journals Single scattering by realistic, inhomogeneous mineral dust particles with stereogrammetric shapes

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 18451-18488 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Lindqvist ◽  
O. Jokinen ◽  
K. Kandler ◽  
D. Scheuvens ◽  
T. Nousiainen
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Dipole Approximation ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Retrieval Method ◽  
Shape Model ◽  
Microscope Images ◽  
Random Spheres ◽  
Particle Shapes

Abstract. Light scattering by single, inhomogeneous mineral dust particles was simulated based on shapes and compositions derived directly from measurements of real dust particles instead of using a mathematical shape model. We demonstrate the use of stereogrammetric shape retrieval method in the context of single-scattering modelling of mineral dust for four different dust types – all of them inhomogeneous – ranging from compact, equidimensional shapes to very elongated and aggregate shapes. The three-dimensional particle shapes were derived from stereo pairs of scanning-electron microscope images, and inhomogeneous composition was determined by mineralogical interpretation of localized elemental information based on energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Scattering computations were performed for particle equal-volume diameters from 0.08 μm up to 2.8 μm at 550 nm wavelength, using the discrete-dipole approximation. Particle-to-particle variation in scattering by mineral dust was found to be quite considerable and was not well reproduced by simplified shapes of homogeneous spheres, spheroids, or Gaussian random spheres. Effective-medium approximation results revealed that particle inhomogeneity should be accounted even for small amounts of absorbing media (here up to 2% of the volume), especially when considering scattering by inhomogeneous particles at size parameters 3

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