scholarly journals Technical Note: A proposal for ice nucleation terminology

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (18) ◽  
pp. 10263-10270 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Vali ◽  
P. J. DeMott ◽  
O. Möhler ◽  
T. F. Whale
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
New Ideas

Abstract. Terminology dealing with ice nucleation in the atmosphere, in biological systems, and in other areas has not kept pace with the growth of empirical evidence and the development of new ideas over recent decades. Ambiguities and misinterpretations could be seen in the literature. This paper offers a set of definitions for various terms in common use, adds some qualifications, and introduces some new ones. Input has been received on the interpretation of various terms from a fair number of researchers; diverse views have been accommodated with some success. It is anticipated that the terminology proposed here will be helpful both to those who adopt it and to those who wish to explain a different perspective.

BENEFITS AND BARRIERS OF CROWDSOURCING IN B2B FIRMS: GENERATING IDEAS WITH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CROWDS

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (06) ◽  
pp. 1240011 ◽  
Author(s):  
HENRI SIMULA ◽  
MERVI VUORI
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Wisdom Of Crowds ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Business To Business ◽  
Theoretical Conceptualization ◽  
The Wisdom Of Crowds

In recent years crowdsourcing has increased in popularity as a method for gathering ideas for new innovations and providing solutions to existing problems. This means that firms apply the wisdom of crowds to certain tasks and challenges. Various crowdsourcing initiatives and platforms seem to provide new channels and ways to enable this in practice. The purpose of this paper is to examine how business-to-business (B2B) firms can interact with different groups of contributors in order to receive new ideas, feedback and solutions for improving their products and services. Based on theoretical conceptualization, combined with empirical evidence, we propose a layered framework for approaching crowdsourcing in a B2B context. The empirical results of this paper reveal benefits but also practical challenges to overcome before crowdsourcing can be effectively utilized in the B2B sector.

Galileo, Copernicanism and the origins of the new science of motion

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
RON NAYLOR
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Circular Motion ◽  
Linear Motion ◽  
New Science ◽  
Theory Of Motion ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Law

The remarkable developments in Galileo's theory of motion revealed by his letter to Guidobaldo del Monte in 1602 have never been easy to account for in view of the almost complete lack of direct evidence. By examining the nature of the empirical evidence for the new ideas he advanced in 1602 and his earliest writings on motion in De motu, it is argued that the source of this transformation was his Copernican beliefs. There exists evidence that those beliefs led him to start work on his theory of the tides by 1595, and by 1597 to state to Kepler that Copernicanism had allowed him to account for many otherwise inexplicable phenomena. These comments very probably related to his new study of rotary and linear motion, linked to his theory of circular fall, which it is argued was devised at this point, and to an investigation of the pendulum. Such an investigation would account for his new interest in isochronism and his discovery of the link between linear and circular motion and to the two laws of isochronism announced to Guidobaldo in 1602: that of the pendulum and the law of chords.

Epidemiology and genetics in the coevolution of parasites and hosts

1983 ◽  
Vol 219 (1216) ◽  
pp. 281-313 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Population Biology ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Numerical Magnitude ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Host Parasite

Recent studies suggest that parasites (interpreted broadly to include viruses, bacteria, protozoans and helminths) may influence the numerical magnitude or geographical distribution of their host populations; most of such studies focus on the population biology and epidemiology of the host-parasite association, taking no explicit account of the genetics. Other researchers have explored the possibility that the coevolution of hosts and parasites may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity found in natural populations, and may even be the main reason for sexual reproduction; such genetic studies rarely take accurate account of the density- and frequency-dependent effects associated with the transmission and maintenance of parasitic infections. This paper aims to combine epidemiology and genetics, reviewing the way in which earlier studies fit into a wider scheme and offering some new ideas about host-parasite coevolution. One central conclusion is that ‘successful’ parasites need not necessarily evolve to be harmless: both theory and some empirical evidence (particularly from the myxoma-rabbit system) indicate that many coevolutionary paths are possible, depending on the relation between virulence and transmissibility of the parasite or pathogen.

59. High concentration ice nucleation for controlled rate freezing of complex biological systems

Cryobiology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Thomas Whale ◽  
Michael Chasnitsky ◽  
Leela Tanikella ◽  
Maximilian Kueckelhaus
Keyword(s):  
Biological Systems ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
High Concentration

scholarly journals Technical note: A numerical test-bed for detailed ice nucleation studies in the AIDA cloud simulation chamber

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 9483-9516
Author(s):  
R. J. Cotton ◽  
S. Benz ◽  
P. R. Field ◽  
O. Möhler ◽  
M. Schnaiter
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Test ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Ice Formation ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Ice Particles ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Chamber Temperature ◽  
Expansion Cooling

Abstract. The AIDA (Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere) aerosol and cloud chamber of Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe can be used to test the ice forming ability of aerosols. The AIDA chamber is extensively instrumented including pressure, temperature and humidity sensors, and optical particle counters. Expansion cooling using mechanical pumps leads to ice supersaturation conditions and possible ice formation. In order to describe the evolving chamber conditions during an expansion, a detailed microphysics size-resolving parcel model was modified to account for diabatic heat and moisture interactions with the chamber walls. Model results are shown for a series of expansions where the initial chamber temperature ranged from −20°C to −60°C and which used desert dust as ice forming nuclei. During each expansion, the initial formation of ice particles was clearly observed. For the colder expansions there were two clear ice nucleation episodes. In order to test the ability of the model to represent the changing chamber conditions and to give confidence in the observations of chamber temperature and humidity, and ice particle concentration and mean size, ice particles were simply added as a function of time so as to reproduce the observations of ice crystal concentration. The time interval and chamber conditions over which ice nucleation occurs is therefore accurately known, and enables the model to be used as a test bed for different representations of ice formation.

scholarly journals Technical Note: A numerical test-bed for detailed ice nucleation studies in the AIDA cloud simulation chamber

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Cotton ◽  
S. Benz ◽  
P. R. Field ◽  
O. Möhler ◽  
M. Schnaiter
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Test ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Ice Formation ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Ice Particles ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Chamber Temperature ◽  
Expansion Cooling

Abstract. The AIDA (Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere) aerosol and cloud chamber of Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe can be used to test the ice forming ability of aerosols. The AIDA chamber is extensively instrumented including pressure, temperature and humidity sensors, and optical particle counters. Expansion cooling using mechanical pumps leads to ice supersaturation conditions and possible ice formation. In order to describe the evolving chamber conditions during an expansion, a parcel model was modified to account for diabatic heat and moisture interactions with the chamber walls. Model results are shown for a series of expansions where the initial chamber temperature ranged from −20°C to −60°C and which used desert dust as ice forming nuclei. During each expansion, the initial formation of ice particles was clearly observed. For the colder expansions there were two clear ice nucleation episodes. In order to test the ability of the model to represent the changing chamber conditions and to give confidence in the observations of chamber temperature and humidity, and ice particle concentration and mean size, ice particles were simply added as a function of time so as to reproduce the observations of ice crystal concentration. The time interval and chamber conditions over which ice nucleation occurs is therefore accurately known, and enables the model to be used as a test bed for different representations of ice formation.

scholarly journals Beyond Liberals and Conservatives to Political Genotypes and Phenotypes

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Alford ◽  
Carolyn L. Funk ◽  
John R. Hibbing
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Sexual Preferences ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Preferences ◽  
Environmental Determinism

In the past, most political scientists have been oblivious to the growing empirical evidence challenging environmental determinism. Professor Charney, apparently as a result of the fact that genes and the environment interact in a complex fashion, advocates that this passive unawareness be replaced by active denial. Science, however, does not advance by avoiding important relationships merely because they are complicated and, fortunately, science is not heeding Charney's ideologically-based fears. Molecular geneticists, often working in tandem with political scientists, are quickly moving beyond twin studies to identify the specific suites of genes and biological systems that predict variation in core political preferences, whatever labels those preferences might be given in a particular culture at a particular time. We sympathize with the fact that our empirical findings, like those of so many behavioral geneticists, make Charney uncomfortable; still, his critique serves up nothing new—empirically or otherwise. Just as analyses of the roots of sexual preferences cannot presumptively ignore genetics, neither can analyses of the roots of political preferences.

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