Review of "Hygroscopic behavior and chemical composition evolution of internally mixed aerosols composed of oxalic acid and ammonium sulfate"

Abstract. Although water uptake of aerosols plays an important role in the atmospheric environment, the effects of interactions between components on chemical composition and hygroscopicity of aerosols are still not well constrained. The hygroscopic properties and phase transformation of oxalic acid (OA) and mixed particles composed of ammonium sulfate (AS) and OA with different organic to inorganic molar ratios (OIRs) have been investigated by using confocal Raman spectroscopy. It is found that OA droplets first crystallize to form oxalic acid dihydrate at 77 % relative humidity (RH), and further lose crystalline water to convert into anhydrous oxalic acid around 5 % RH during the dehydration process. The deliquescence and efflorescence point for AS is determined to be 80.1 ± 1.5 % RH and 44.3 ± 2.5 % RH, respectively. The observed efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) for mixed OA/AS droplets with OIRs of 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1 is 34.4 ± 2.0 % RH, 44.3 ± 2.5 % RH and 64.4 ± 3.0 % RH, respectively, indicating the elevated OA content appears to favor the crystallization of mixed systems at higher RH. However, the partial deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) for mixed OA/AS particles with OIR of 1:3 and 1:1 is observed to occur at 81.1 ± 1.5 % RH and 77 ± 1.0 % RH, respectively. The Raman spectra of mixed OA/AS droplets indicate the formation of ammonium hydrogen oxalate (NH4HC2O4) and ammonium hydrogen sulfate (NH4HSO4) from interactions between OA and AS in aerosols after slow dehydration process in the time scale of hours, which considerably influence the subsequent deliquescence behavior of internally mixed particles with different OIRs. The mixed OA/AS particles with 3:1 ratio exhibit no deliquescence transition over the RH range studied due to the considerable transformation of (NH4)2SO4 into nonhygroscopic NH4HC2O4. Although the hygroscopic growth of mixed OA/AS droplets is comparable to that of AS or OA at high RH during the dehydration process, Raman growth factors of mixed particles after deliquescence are substantially lower than those of mixed OA/AS droplets during the efflorescence process and further decrease with elevated OA content. The discrepancies for Raman growth factors of mixed OA/AS particles between the dehydration and hydration process at high RH can be attributed to the significant formation of NH4HC2O4 and residual OA, which remain solid at high RH and thus result in less water uptake of mixed particles. These findings improve the understanding of the role of reactions between dicarboxylic acid and inorganic salt in the chemical and physical properties of aerosol particles, and might have important implications for atmospheric chemistry.

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Hygroscopic behavior and chemical composition evolution of internally mixed aerosols composed of oxalic acid and ammonium sulfate

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-17-12797-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (20) ◽

pp. 12797-12812 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Xiaowei Wang ◽

Bo Jing ◽

Fang Tan ◽

Jiabi Ma ◽

Yunhong Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Factors ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Oxalic Acid ◽

Ammonium Sulfate ◽

Water Uptake ◽

Aerosol Particles ◽

Atmospheric Environment ◽

Dehydration Process ◽

Ammonium Hydrogen

Abstract. Although water uptake of aerosol particles plays an important role in the atmospheric environment, the effects of interactions between components on chemical composition and hygroscopicity of particles are still not well constrained. The hygroscopic properties and phase transformation of oxalic acid (OA) and mixed particles composed of ammonium sulfate (AS) and OA with different organic to inorganic molar ratios (OIRs) have been investigated by using confocal Raman spectroscopy. It is found that OA droplets first crystallize to form OA dihydrate at 71 % relative humidity (RH), and further lose crystalline water to convert into anhydrous OA around 5 % RH during the dehydration process. The deliquescence and efflorescence point for AS is determined to be 80.1 ± 1.5 % RH and 44.3 ± 2.5 % RH, respectively. The observed efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) for mixed OA ∕ AS droplets with OIRs of 1 : 3, 1 : 1 and 3 : 1 is 34.4 ± 2.0, 44.3 ± 2.5 and 64.4 ± 3.0 % RH, respectively, indicating the elevated OA content appears to favor the crystallization of mixed systems at higher RH. However, the deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) of AS in mixed OA ∕ AS particles with OIRs of 1 : 3 and 1 : 1 is observed to occur at 81.1 ± 1.5 and 77 ± 1.0 % RH, respectively. The Raman spectra of mixed OA ∕ AS droplets indicate the formation of ammonium hydrogen oxalate (NH4HC2O4) and ammonium hydrogen sulfate (NH4HSO4) from interactions between OA and AS in aerosols during the dehydration process on the time scale of hours, which considerably influence the subsequent deliquescence behavior of internally mixed particles with different OIRs. The mixed OA ∕ AS particles with an OIR of 3 : 1 exhibit no deliquescence transition over the RH range studied due to the considerable transformation of (NH4)2SO4 into NH4HC2O4 with a high DRH. Although the hygroscopic growth of mixed OA ∕ AS droplets is comparable to that of AS or OA at high RH during the dehydration process, Raman growth factors of mixed particles after deliquescence are substantially lower than those of mixed OA ∕ AS droplets during the efflorescence process and further decrease with elevated OA content. The discrepancies for Raman growth factors of mixed OA ∕ AS particles between the dehydration and hydration process at high RH can be attributed to the significant formation of NH4HC2O4 and residual OA, which remain solid at high RH and thus result in less water uptake of mixed particles. These findings improve the understanding of the role of reactions between dicarboxylic acid and inorganic salt in the chemical and physical properties of aerosol particles, and might have important implications for atmospheric chemistry.

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Hygroscopic behavior of multicomponent organic aerosols and their internal mixtures with ammonium sulfate

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-15-23357-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (16) ◽

pp. 23357-23405 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

B. Jing ◽

S. R. Tong ◽

Q. F. Liu ◽

K. Li ◽

W. G. Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxalic Acid ◽

Succinic Acid ◽

Ammonium Sulfate ◽

Water Uptake ◽

Malonic Acid ◽

Phthalic Acid ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Organic Mixture ◽

Hygroscopic Properties ◽

Hygroscopic Behavior

Abstract. Water soluble organic compounds (WSOCs) are important components of organics in the atmospheric fine particulate matter. Although WSOCs play an important role in the hygroscopicity of aerosols, water uptake behavior of internally mixed WSOC aerosols remains limited characterization. Here, the hygroscopic properties of single component such as levoglucosan, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid and phthalic acid and multicomponent WSOC aerosols mainly involving oxalic acid are investigated with the hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA). The coexisting hygroscopic species including levoglucosan, malonic acid and phthalic acid have strong influence on the hygroscopic growth and phase behavior of oxalic acid, even suppress its crystallization completely. The interactions between oxalic acid and levoglucosan are confirmed by infrared spectra. The discrepancies between measured growth factors and predictions from Extended Aerosol Inorganics Model (E-AIM) with UNIFAC method and Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson (ZSR) approach increase at medium and high relative humidity (RH) assuming oxalic acid in a solid state. For the internal mixture of oxalic acid with levoglucosan or succinic acid, there is enhanced water uptake at high RH due to positive chemical interactions between solutes. Organic mixture has more complex effect on the hygroscopicity of ammonium sulfate than single species. Although hygroscopic species such as levoglucosan accounts for a small fraction in the multicomponent aerosols, they may still strongly influence the hygroscopic behavior of ammonium sulfate by changing phase state of oxalic acid which plays the role of "intermediate" species. Considering the abundance of oxalic acid in the atmospheric aerosols, its mixtures with hygroscopic species may significantly promote water uptake under high RH conditions and thus affect the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity, optical properties and chemical reactivity of atmospheric particles.

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Hygroscopic behavior of multicomponent organic aerosols and their internal mixtures with ammonium sulfate

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-16-4101-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 4101-4118 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Bo Jing ◽

Shengrui Tong ◽

Qifan Liu ◽

Kun Li ◽

Weigang Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxalic Acid ◽

Succinic Acid ◽

Ammonium Sulfate ◽

Water Uptake ◽

Malonic Acid ◽

Phthalic Acid ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Organic Mixture ◽

Hygroscopic Properties ◽

Hygroscopic Behavior

Abstract. Water-soluble organic compounds (WSOCs) are important components of organics in the atmospheric fine particulate matter. Although WSOCs play an important role in the hygroscopicity of aerosols, knowledge on the water uptake behavior of internally mixed WSOC aerosols remains limited. Here, the hygroscopic properties of single components such as levoglucosan, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, phthalic acid, and multicomponent WSOC aerosols mainly involving oxalic acid are investigated with the hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA). The coexisting hygroscopic species including levoglucosan, malonic acid, and phthalic acid have a strong influence on the hygroscopic growth and phase behavior of oxalic acid, even suppressing its crystallization completely during the drying process. The phase behaviors of oxalic acid/levoglucosan mixed particles are confirmed by infrared spectra. The discrepancies between measured growth factors and predictions from Extended Aerosol Inorganics Model (E-AIM) with the Universal Quasi-Chemical Functional Group Activity Coefficient (UNIFAC) method and Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson (ZSR) approach increase at medium and high relative humidity (RH) assuming oxalic acid in a crystalline solid state. For the internal mixture of oxalic acid with levoglucosan or succinic acid, there is enhanced water uptake at high RH compared to the model predictions based on reasonable oxalic acid phase assumption. Organic mixture has more complex effects on the hygroscopicity of ammonium sulfate than single species. Although hygroscopic species such as levoglucosan account for a small fraction in the multicomponent aerosols, they may still strongly influence the hygroscopic behavior of ammonium sulfate by changing the phase state of oxalic acid which plays the role of "intermediate" species. Considering the abundance of oxalic acid in the atmospheric aerosols, its mixtures with hygroscopic species may significantly promote water uptake under high RH conditions and thus affect the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity, optical properties, and chemical reactivity of atmospheric particles.

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Determination of Relationship between Chemical Composition of Electrolyte and Surface Sample Quality

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.669.150 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 669 ◽

pp. 150-157

Author(s):

Peter Michal ◽

Alena Vagaská ◽

Miroslav Gombár

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Oxalic Acid ◽

Boric Acid ◽

Oxide Layer ◽

Surface Finish ◽

Chemical Factors ◽

Substrate Sample

Paper tracks experimentally confirmed relationship between chemical composition of electrolyte and resulting surface finish quality of created oxide layer during the process of anodic oxidation of aluminium. Examined chemical factors were: concentrations of sulphuric acid, oxalic acid, boric acid and sodium chloride. Aggressive effects of electrolyte were chosen as indicator of resulting layer quality – presence and extent of etching of used substrate sample.

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Ammonia Volatilization, Forage Accumulation, and Nutritive Value of Marandu Palisade Grass Pastures in Different N Sources and Doses

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12091179 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 1179

Author(s):

Darlena Caroline da Cruz Corrêa ◽

Abmael da Silva Cardoso ◽

Mariane Rodrigues Ferreira ◽

Débora Siniscalchi ◽

Pedro Henrique de Almeida Gonçalves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Ammonium Sulfate ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Accumulation Rate ◽

Forage Yield ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽

The Impact

The reduction in ammonia (NH3) losses from volatilization has significant implications in forage production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of N fertilizers (urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate) and four doses (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg N ha−1) on N losses by NH3 volatilization, accumulation, and forage chemical composition of Urochloa brizantha cv Marandu. Two field experiments were conducted to measure NH3 losses using semi-open chambers. The forage accumulation and chemical composition were evaluated in the third experiment; the response variables included forage accumulation, crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Compared to urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate reduced NH3 losses by 84% and 87% and increased total forage accumulation by 14% and 23%, respectively. Forage accumulation rate and CP increased linearly with the N levels, while NDF contents decreased linearly with the N levels. In both experiments, NH3 losses and forage characteristics were different according to the rainfall pattern and temperature variations. Our results indicate that the use of nitric and ammoniacal fertilizers and the application of fertilizer in the rainy season constitute an efficient fertilizer management strategy to increase forage yield and decrease losses from volatilization of NH3.

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Nutritive value of tomatillo fruit (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.)

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae ◽

10.5586/asbp.1988.049 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 507-521 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Joanna Ostrzycka ◽

Marcin Horbowicz ◽

Włodzimierz Dobrzański ◽

Leszek S. Jankiewicz ◽

Jan Borkowski

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Oxalic Acid ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Dehydroascorbic Acid ◽

Total Sugar ◽

Ripe Fruit ◽

Total Sugar Content ◽

The Given

Tomatillo is widely cultivated in Mexico but is little known in other countries. The chemical composition of fruit from field grown plants was investigated during several vegetative seasons. Tomatillo contained a relatively high percentage of dry matter (7-10%) and extract (6.6-7.4%). Its potassium content was lower than that of tomato growing in the same conditions. The content of iron was higher, and that of other elements was comparable, depending on the conditions during the given year. The total sugar content amounted to 2.8-5.7%, depending on the selected population. The percentage of glucose and fructose decreased during ripening and that of saccharose increased. The content of pectic substances was similar as in tomato but the proportions of particular fractions was different. Tomatillo contained more acids than tomato, and showed an especially high citric and malic acid content. The latter decreased drastically during ripening. The content of oxalic acid was 11-18 mg 100 g-1 in ripe fruit and up to 54 mg in unripe. The vitamin C content depended on the selected population and amounted to 8-21 mg 100 g-1, dehydroascorbic acid prevailing. The content of vitamin PP was 0.8-1.3 mg 100 g-1.

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