scholarly journals Hygroscopic behavior and chemical composition evolution of internally mixed aerosols composed of oxalic acid and ammonium sulfate

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Wang ◽  
Bo Jing ◽  
Fang Tan ◽  
Jiabi Ma ◽  
Yunhong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Dehydration Process ◽  
Hygroscopic Properties ◽  
Ammonium Hydrogen

Abstract. Although water uptake of aerosols plays an important role in the atmospheric environment, the effects of interactions between components on chemical composition and hygroscopicity of aerosols are still not well constrained. The hygroscopic properties and phase transformation of oxalic acid (OA) and mixed particles composed of ammonium sulfate (AS) and OA with different organic to inorganic molar ratios (OIRs) have been investigated by using confocal Raman spectroscopy. It is found that OA droplets first crystallize to form oxalic acid dihydrate at 77 % relative humidity (RH), and further lose crystalline water to convert into anhydrous oxalic acid around 5 % RH during the dehydration process. The deliquescence and efflorescence point for AS is determined to be 80.1 ± 1.5 % RH and 44.3 ± 2.5 % RH, respectively. The observed efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) for mixed OA/AS droplets with OIRs of 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1 is 34.4 ± 2.0 % RH, 44.3 ± 2.5 % RH and 64.4 ± 3.0 % RH, respectively, indicating the elevated OA content appears to favor the crystallization of mixed systems at higher RH. However, the partial deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) for mixed OA/AS particles with OIR of 1:3 and 1:1 is observed to occur at 81.1 ± 1.5 % RH and 77 ± 1.0 % RH, respectively. The Raman spectra of mixed OA/AS droplets indicate the formation of ammonium hydrogen oxalate (NH4HC2O4) and ammonium hydrogen sulfate (NH4HSO4) from interactions between OA and AS in aerosols after slow dehydration process in the time scale of hours, which considerably influence the subsequent deliquescence behavior of internally mixed particles with different OIRs. The mixed OA/AS particles with 3:1 ratio exhibit no deliquescence transition over the RH range studied due to the considerable transformation of (NH4)2SO4 into nonhygroscopic NH4HC2O4. Although the hygroscopic growth of mixed OA/AS droplets is comparable to that of AS or OA at high RH during the dehydration process, Raman growth factors of mixed particles after deliquescence are substantially lower than those of mixed OA/AS droplets during the efflorescence process and further decrease with elevated OA content. The discrepancies for Raman growth factors of mixed OA/AS particles between the dehydration and hydration process at high RH can be attributed to the significant formation of NH4HC2O4 and residual OA, which remain solid at high RH and thus result in less water uptake of mixed particles. These findings improve the understanding of the role of reactions between dicarboxylic acid and inorganic salt in the chemical and physical properties of aerosol particles, and might have important implications for atmospheric chemistry.

scholarly journals Hygroscopic behavior and chemical composition evolution of internally mixed aerosols composed of oxalic acid and ammonium sulfate

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 12797-12812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Wang ◽  
Bo Jing ◽  
Fang Tan ◽  
Jiabi Ma ◽  
Yunhong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Dehydration Process ◽  
Ammonium Hydrogen

Abstract. Although water uptake of aerosol particles plays an important role in the atmospheric environment, the effects of interactions between components on chemical composition and hygroscopicity of particles are still not well constrained. The hygroscopic properties and phase transformation of oxalic acid (OA) and mixed particles composed of ammonium sulfate (AS) and OA with different organic to inorganic molar ratios (OIRs) have been investigated by using confocal Raman spectroscopy. It is found that OA droplets first crystallize to form OA dihydrate at 71 % relative humidity (RH), and further lose crystalline water to convert into anhydrous OA around 5 % RH during the dehydration process. The deliquescence and efflorescence point for AS is determined to be 80.1 ± 1.5 % RH and 44.3 ± 2.5 % RH, respectively. The observed efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) for mixed OA ∕ AS droplets with OIRs of 1 : 3, 1 : 1 and 3 : 1 is 34.4 ± 2.0, 44.3 ± 2.5 and 64.4 ± 3.0 % RH, respectively, indicating the elevated OA content appears to favor the crystallization of mixed systems at higher RH. However, the deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) of AS in mixed OA ∕ AS particles with OIRs of 1 : 3 and 1 : 1 is observed to occur at 81.1 ± 1.5 and 77 ± 1.0 % RH, respectively. The Raman spectra of mixed OA ∕ AS droplets indicate the formation of ammonium hydrogen oxalate (NH4HC2O4) and ammonium hydrogen sulfate (NH4HSO4) from interactions between OA and AS in aerosols during the dehydration process on the time scale of hours, which considerably influence the subsequent deliquescence behavior of internally mixed particles with different OIRs. The mixed OA ∕ AS particles with an OIR of 3 : 1 exhibit no deliquescence transition over the RH range studied due to the considerable transformation of (NH4)2SO4 into NH4HC2O4 with a high DRH. Although the hygroscopic growth of mixed OA ∕ AS droplets is comparable to that of AS or OA at high RH during the dehydration process, Raman growth factors of mixed particles after deliquescence are substantially lower than those of mixed OA ∕ AS droplets during the efflorescence process and further decrease with elevated OA content. The discrepancies for Raman growth factors of mixed OA ∕ AS particles between the dehydration and hydration process at high RH can be attributed to the significant formation of NH4HC2O4 and residual OA, which remain solid at high RH and thus result in less water uptake of mixed particles. These findings improve the understanding of the role of reactions between dicarboxylic acid and inorganic salt in the chemical and physical properties of aerosol particles, and might have important implications for atmospheric chemistry.

scholarly journals Water uptake and chemical composition of fresh aerosols generated in open burning of biomass

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 5165-5178 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Carrico ◽  
M. D. Petters ◽  
S. M. Kreidenweis ◽  
A. P. Sullivan ◽  
G. R. McMeeking ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Differential Mobility Analyzer ◽  
Differential Mobility ◽  
Biomass Smoke ◽  
Hygroscopic Properties ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. As part of the Fire Lab at Missoula Experiments (FLAME) in 2006–2007, we examined hygroscopic properties of particles emitted from open combustion of 33 select biomass fuels. Measurements of humidification growth factors for subsaturated water relative humidity (RH) conditions were made with a hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) for dry particle sizes of 50, 100 and 250 nm. Results were then fit to a single-parameter model to obtain the hygroscopicity parameter, κ. Particles in freshly emitted biomass smoke exhibited a wide range of hygroscopicity (individual modes with 0

scholarly journals Hygroscopic behavior of multicomponent organic aerosols and their internal mixtures with ammonium sulfate

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (16) ◽  
pp. 23357-23405 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Jing ◽  
S. R. Tong ◽  
Q. F. Liu ◽  
K. Li ◽  
W. G. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Malonic Acid ◽  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Organic Mixture ◽  
Hygroscopic Properties ◽  
Hygroscopic Behavior

Abstract. Water soluble organic compounds (WSOCs) are important components of organics in the atmospheric fine particulate matter. Although WSOCs play an important role in the hygroscopicity of aerosols, water uptake behavior of internally mixed WSOC aerosols remains limited characterization. Here, the hygroscopic properties of single component such as levoglucosan, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid and phthalic acid and multicomponent WSOC aerosols mainly involving oxalic acid are investigated with the hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA). The coexisting hygroscopic species including levoglucosan, malonic acid and phthalic acid have strong influence on the hygroscopic growth and phase behavior of oxalic acid, even suppress its crystallization completely. The interactions between oxalic acid and levoglucosan are confirmed by infrared spectra. The discrepancies between measured growth factors and predictions from Extended Aerosol Inorganics Model (E-AIM) with UNIFAC method and Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson (ZSR) approach increase at medium and high relative humidity (RH) assuming oxalic acid in a solid state. For the internal mixture of oxalic acid with levoglucosan or succinic acid, there is enhanced water uptake at high RH due to positive chemical interactions between solutes. Organic mixture has more complex effect on the hygroscopicity of ammonium sulfate than single species. Although hygroscopic species such as levoglucosan accounts for a small fraction in the multicomponent aerosols, they may still strongly influence the hygroscopic behavior of ammonium sulfate by changing phase state of oxalic acid which plays the role of "intermediate" species. Considering the abundance of oxalic acid in the atmospheric aerosols, its mixtures with hygroscopic species may significantly promote water uptake under high RH conditions and thus affect the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity, optical properties and chemical reactivity of atmospheric particles.

scholarly journals Hygroscopic behavior of multicomponent organic aerosols and their internal mixtures with ammonium sulfate

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 4101-4118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Jing ◽  
Shengrui Tong ◽  
Qifan Liu ◽  
Kun Li ◽  
Weigang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Malonic Acid ◽  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Organic Mixture ◽  
Hygroscopic Properties ◽  
Hygroscopic Behavior

Abstract. Water-soluble organic compounds (WSOCs) are important components of organics in the atmospheric fine particulate matter. Although WSOCs play an important role in the hygroscopicity of aerosols, knowledge on the water uptake behavior of internally mixed WSOC aerosols remains limited. Here, the hygroscopic properties of single components such as levoglucosan, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, phthalic acid, and multicomponent WSOC aerosols mainly involving oxalic acid are investigated with the hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA). The coexisting hygroscopic species including levoglucosan, malonic acid, and phthalic acid have a strong influence on the hygroscopic growth and phase behavior of oxalic acid, even suppressing its crystallization completely during the drying process. The phase behaviors of oxalic acid/levoglucosan mixed particles are confirmed by infrared spectra. The discrepancies between measured growth factors and predictions from Extended Aerosol Inorganics Model (E-AIM) with the Universal Quasi-Chemical Functional Group Activity Coefficient (UNIFAC) method and Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson (ZSR) approach increase at medium and high relative humidity (RH) assuming oxalic acid in a crystalline solid state. For the internal mixture of oxalic acid with levoglucosan or succinic acid, there is enhanced water uptake at high RH compared to the model predictions based on reasonable oxalic acid phase assumption. Organic mixture has more complex effects on the hygroscopicity of ammonium sulfate than single species. Although hygroscopic species such as levoglucosan account for a small fraction in the multicomponent aerosols, they may still strongly influence the hygroscopic behavior of ammonium sulfate by changing the phase state of oxalic acid which plays the role of "intermediate" species. Considering the abundance of oxalic acid in the atmospheric aerosols, its mixtures with hygroscopic species may significantly promote water uptake under high RH conditions and thus affect the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity, optical properties, and chemical reactivity of atmospheric particles.

scholarly journals Hygroscopicity of organic surrogate compounds from biomass burning and their effect on the efflorescence of ammonium sulfate in mixed aerosol particles

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 1045-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Lei ◽  
Andreas Zuend ◽  
Yafang Cheng ◽  
Hang Su ◽  
Weigang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. Hygroscopic growth factors of organic surrogate compounds representing biomass burning and mixed organic–inorganic aerosol particles exhibit variability during dehydration experiments depending on their chemical composition, which we observed using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA). We observed that levoglucosan and humic acid aerosol particles release water upon dehumidification in the range from 90 to 5 % relative humidity (RH). However, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid aerosol particles remain in the solid state upon dehumidification and exhibit a small shrinking in size at higher RH compared to the dry size. For example, the measured growth factor of 4-hyroxybenzoic acid aerosol particles is  ∼  0.96 at 90 % RH. The measurements were accompanied by RH-dependent thermodynamic equilibrium calculations using the Aerosol Inorganic–Organic Mixtures Functional groups Activity Coefficients (AIOMFAC) model and Extended Aerosol Inorganics Model (E-AIM), the Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson (ZSR) relation, and a fitted hygroscopicity expression. We observed several effects of organic components on the hygroscopicity behavior of mixtures containing ammonium sulfate (AS) in relation to the different mass fractions of organic compounds: (1) a shift of efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) of ammonium sulfate to higher RH due to the presence of 25 wt % levoglucosan in the mixture. (2) There is a distinct efflorescence transition at 25 % RH for mixtures consisting of 25 wt % of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid compared to the ERH at 35 % for organic-free AS particles. (3) There is indication for a liquid-to-solid phase transition of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in the mixed particles during dehydration. (4) A humic acid component shows no significant effect on the efflorescence of AS in mixed aerosol particles. In addition, consideration of a composition-dependent degree of dissolution of crystallization AS (solid–liquid equilibrium) in the AIOMFAC and E-AIM models leads to a relatively good agreement between models and observed growth factors, as well as ERH of AS in the mixed system. The use of the ZSR relation leads to good agreement with measured diameter growth factors of aerosol particles containing humic acid and ammonium sulfate. Lastly, two distinct mixtures of organic surrogate compounds, including levoglucosan, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and humic acid, were used to represent the average water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) fractions observed during the wet and dry seasons in the central Amazon Basin. A comparison of the organic fraction's hygroscopicity parameter for the simple mixtures, e.g., κ ≈  0.12 to 0.15 for the wet-season mixture in the 90 to 40 % RH range, shows good agreement with field data for the wet season in the Amazon Basin (WSOC κ ≈ 0.14±0.06 at 90 % RH). This suggests that laboratory-generated mixtures containing organic surrogate compounds and ammonium sulfate can be used to mimic, in a simplified manner, the chemical composition of ambient aerosols from the Amazon Basin for the purpose of RH-dependent hygroscopicity studies.

scholarly journals Deliquescence, efflorescence, and phase miscibility of mixed particles of ammonium sulfate and isoprene-derived secondary organic material

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 9903-9943 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Smith ◽  
A. K. Bertram ◽  
S. T. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Liquid Separation ◽  
Inorganic Particles ◽  
Photo Oxidation ◽  
Hygroscopic Properties

Abstract. The hygroscopic phase transitions of ammonium sulfate mixed with isoprene-derived secondary organic material were investigated in aerosol experiments. The organic material was produced by isoprene photo-oxidation at 40% relative humidity. The low volatility fraction of the photo-oxidation products condensed onto ammonium sulfate particles. The particle-phase organic material had oxygen-to-carbon ratios of 0.67 to 0.74 for mass concentrations of 20 to 30 μg m−3. The deliquescence, efflorescence, and phase miscibility of the mixed particles were investigated using a dual arm tandem differential mobility analyzer. The isoprene photo-oxidation products induced deviations in behavior relative to pure ammonium sulfate. Compared to an efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) of 30 to 35% for pure ammonium sulfate, efflorescence was eliminated for mixed aqueous particles having organic volume fractions ε of approximately 0.6 and greater. Compared to a deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) of 80% for pure ammonium sulfate, the DRH steadily decreased for increasing ε, approaching a DRH of 40% for ε of 0.9. Parameterizations of the DRH(ε) and ERH(ε) curves were as follows: DRH(ε)= Σ i ci,d xi valid for 0 ≤ ε ≤ 0.86 and ERH(ε)= Σ i ci,e xi valid for 0 ≤ ε ≤ 0.55 for the coefficients c0,d= 80.67, c0,e = 28.35, c1,d= −11.45, c1,e = −13.66, c2,d = 0, c2,e = 0, c3,d = 57.99, c3,e = −83.80, c4,d = −106.80, and c4,d = 0. The molecular description that is thermodynamically implied by these strongly sloped DRH(ε) and ERH(ε) curves is that the organic isoprene photo-oxidation products, the inorganic ammonium sulfate, and water form a miscible liquid phase even at low relative humidity. This phase miscibility is in contrast to the liquid-liquid separation that occurs for some other types of secondary organic material. These differences in liquid-liquid separation are consistent with a prediction recently presented in the literature that the bifurcation between liquid-liquid phase separation versus mixing depends on the oxygen-to-carbon ratio of the organic material. The conclusions are that the influence of secondary organic material on the hygroscopic properties of ammonium sulfate varies with organic composition and that the degree of oxygenation of the organic material, which is a measurable characteristic of complex organic materials, is an important variable influencing the hygroscopic properties of mixed organic-inorganic particles.

scholarly journals Impact of palmitic acid coating on the water uptake and loss of ammonium sulfate particles

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 1951-1961 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Garland ◽  
M. E. Wise ◽  
M. R. Beaver ◽  
H. L. DeWitt ◽  
A. C. Aiken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosols ◽  
Acid Vapor ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Aerosol Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Mixed Water

Abstract. While water insoluble organics are prevalent in the atmosphere, it is not clear how the presence of such species alters the chemical and physical properties of atmospheric aerosols. Here we use a combination of FTIR spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (AMS) to characterize ammonium sulfate particles coated with palmitic acid. Coated aerosols were generated by atomizing pure ammonium sulfate, mixing the particles with a heated flow of nitrogen with palmitic acid vapor, and then flowing the mixture through an in-line oven to create internally mixed particles. The mixing state of the particles was probed using the AMS data and images from the TEM. Both of these probes suggest that the particles were internally mixed. Water uptake by the mixed particles was then probed at 273 K. It was found that for ammonium sulfate containing ~20 wt% palmitic acid the deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) was the same as for pure ammonium sulfate (80±3% RH). For particles with ~50 wt% palmitic acid however, the mixed particles began to take up water at relative humidities as low at 69% and continued to slowly take up water to 85% RH without fully deliquescing. In addition to studies of water uptake, water loss was also investigated. Here coatings of up to 50 wt% had no impact on the efflorescence relative humidity. These studies suggest that even if insoluble substances coat salt particles in the atmosphere, there may be relatively little effect on the resulting water uptake and loss.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles over the Aegean Sea

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 5805-5841 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bezantakos ◽  
K. Barmpounis ◽  
M. Giamarelou ◽  
E. Bossioli ◽  
M. Tombrou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Back Trajectory ◽  
High Time Resolution ◽  
Hygroscopic Growth ◽  
Organic Species ◽  
Hygroscopic Properties

Abstract. The chemical composition and water uptake characteristics of sub-micrometer atmospheric particles in the region of the Aegean Sea were measured between 25 August and 11 September 2011 in the framework of the Aegean-Game campaign. High time-resolution measurements of the chemical composition of the particles were conducted using an airborne compact Time-Of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (cTOF-AMS). These measurements involved two flights from the island of Crete to the island of Lemnos and back. A Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (HTDMA) located on the island of Lemnos was used to measure the ability of the particles to take up water. The HTDMA measurements showed that the particles were internally mixed, having hygroscopic growth factors that ranged from 1.00 to 1.59 when exposed to 85% relative humidity. When the aircraft flew near the ground station on Lemnos, the cTOF-AMS measurements showed that the organic volume fraction of the particles ranged from 43 to 56%. These measurements corroborate the range of hygroscopic growth factors measured by the HTDMA during that time. Good closure between HTDMA and cTOF-AMS measurements was achieved when assuming that the organic species were hydrophobic and had an average density that corresponds to aged organic species. Using the results from the closure study, the cTOF-AMS measurements were employed to determine a representative aerosol hygroscopic parameter κmix for the whole path of the two flights. Calculated κmix values ranged from 0.17 to 1.03 during the first flight and from 0.15 to 0.93 during the second flight. Air masses of different origin as determined by back trajectory calculations can explain the spatial variation in the chemical composition and κmix values of the particles observed in the region.

scholarly journals Moisture uptake in nanocellulose: the effects of relative humidity, temperature and degree of crystallinity

Cellulose ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohit Garg ◽  
Varvara Apostolopoulou-Kalkavoura ◽  
Mathieu Linares ◽  
Tahani Kaldéus ◽  
Eva Malmström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Cellulose Nanofibrils ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Moisture Uptake ◽  
Amorphous Cellulose ◽  
Hygroscopic Properties ◽  
Cellulose Nanomaterials

AbstractFoams made from cellulose nanomaterials are highly porous and possess excellent mechanical and thermal insulation properties. However, the moisture uptake and hygroscopic properties of these materials need to be better understood for their use in biomedical and bioelectronics applications, in humidity sensing and thermal insulation. In this work, we present a combination of hybrid Grand Canonical Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics simulations and experimental measurements to investigate the moisture uptake within nanocellulose foams. To explore the effect of surface modification on moisture uptake we used two types of celluloses, namely TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils and carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibrils. We find that the moisture uptake in both the cellulose nanomaterials increases with increasing relative humidity (RH) and decreases with increasing temperature, which is explained using the basic thermodynamic principles. The measured and calculated moisture uptake in amorphous cellulose (for a given RH or temperature) is higher as compared to crystalline cellulose with TEMPO- and CM-modified surfaces. The high water uptake of amorphous cellulose films is related to the formation of water-filled pores with increasing RH. The microscopic insight of water uptake in nanocellulose provided in this study can assist the design and fabrication of high-performance cellulose materials with improved properties for thermal insulation in humid climates or packaging of water sensitive goods. Graphic abstract

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