scholarly journals Systematic analysis of interannual and seasonal variations of model-simulated tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> in Asia and comparison with GOME-satellite data

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 1671-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Uno ◽  
Y. He ◽  
T. Ohara ◽  
K. Yamaji ◽  
J.-I. Kurokawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Data ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Horizontal Distribution ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Vertical Column ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Increasing Trend

Abstract. Systematic analyses of interannual and seasonal variations of tropospheric NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) based on GOME satellite data and the regional scale chemical transport model (CTM), Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ), are presented for the atmosphere over eastern Asia between 1996 and June 2003. A newly developed year-by-year emission inventory (REAS) was used in CMAQ. The horizontal distribution of annual averaged GOME NO2 VCDs generally agrees well with the CMAQ results. However, CMAQ/REAS results underestimate the GOME retrievals with factors of 2–4 over polluted industrial regions such as Central East China (CEC), a major part of Korea, Hong Kong, and central and western Japan. The most probable reasons for the underestimation typically over the CEC are accuracy of the basic energy statistic data, emission factors, and socio-economic data used for construction of emission inventory. For the Japan region, GOME and CMAQ NO2 data show reasonable agreement with respect to interannual variation and show no clear increasing trend. For CEC, GOME and CMAQ NO2 data indicate a very rapid increasing trend from 2000. Analyses of the seasonal cycle of NO2 VCDs show that GOME data have larger dips than CMAQ NO2 during February–April and September–November. Sensitivity experiments with fixed emission intensity reveal that the detection of emission trends from satellite in fall or winter has a larger error caused by the variability of meteorology. Examination during summer time and annual averaged NO2 VCDs are robust with respect to variability of meteorology and are therefore more suitable for analyses of emission trends. Analysis of recent trends of annual emissions in China shows that the increasing trends of 1996–1998 and 2000–2002 for GOME and CMAQ/REAS show good agreement, but the rate of increase by GOME is approximately 10–11% yr−1 after 2000; it is slightly steeper than CMAQ/REAS (8–9% yr−1). The greatest difference was apparent between the years 1998 and 2000: CMAQ/REAS only shows a few percentage points of increase, whereas GOME gives a greater than 8% yr−1 increase. The exact reason remains unclear, but the most likely explanation is that the emission trend based on the Chinese emission related statistics underestimates the rapid growth of emissions.

scholarly journals Systematic analysis of interannual and seasonal variations of model-simulated tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> in Asia and comparison with GOME-satellite data

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 11181-11207 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Uno ◽  
Y. He ◽  
T. Ohara ◽  
K. Yamaji ◽  
J.-I. Kurokawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Data ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Horizontal Distribution ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Vertical Column ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. Systematic analyses of interannual and seasonal variations of tropospheric NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) based on GOME satellite data and the regional scale chemical transport model (CTM), Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ), are presented over eastern Asia between 1996 and June 2003. A newly developed year-by-year emission inventory (REAS) was used in CMAQ. The horizontal distribution of annual averaged GOME NO2 VCDs generally agrees well with the CMAQ results. However, CMAQ/REAS results underestimate the GOME retrievals with factors of 2–4 over polluted industrial regions such as Central East China (CEC), a major part of Korea, Hong Kong, and central and western Japan. For the Japan region, GOME and CMAQ NO2 data show good agreement with respect to interannual variation and show no clear increasing trend. For CEC, GOME and CMAQ NO2 data show good agreement and indicate a very rapid increasing trend from 2000. Analyses of the seasonal cycle of NO2 VCDs show that GOME data have systematically larger dips than CMAQ NO2 during February–April and September–November. Sensitivity experiments with fixed emission intensity reveal that the detection of emission trends from satellite in fall or winter have a larger error caused by the variability of meteorology. Examination during summer time and annual averaged NO2 VCDs are robust with respect to variability of meteorology and are therefore more suitable for analyses of emission trends. Analysis of recent trends of annual emissions in China shows that the increasing trends of 1996–1998 and 2000–2002 for GOME and CMAQ/REAS show good agreement, but the rate of increase by GOME is approximately 10–11% yr−1 after 2000; it is slightly steeper than CMAQ/REAS (8–9% yr−1). The greatest difference was apparent between the years 1998 and 2000: CMAQ/REAS only shows a few percentage points of increase, whereas GOME gives a greater than 8% yr−1 increase. The exact reason remains unclear, but the most likely explanation is that the emission trend based on the Chinese emission related statistics underestimates the rapid growth of emissions.

scholarly journals Near-ground ozone source attributions and outflow in central eastern China during MTX2006

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (24) ◽  
pp. 7335-7351 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Li ◽  
Z. Wang ◽  
H. Akimoto ◽  
K. Yamaji ◽  
M. Takigawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transport Model ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Horizontal Distribution ◽  
Photochemical Reactions ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Ozone Level ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Central Eastern

Abstract. A 3-D regional chemical transport model, the Nested Air Quality Prediction Model System (NAQPMS), with an on-line tracer tagging module was used to study the source of the near-ground (<1.5 km above ground level) ozone at Mt. Tai (36.25° N, 117.10° E, 1534 m a.s.l.) in Central Eastern China (CEC) during the Mount Tai eXperiment 2006 (MTX2006). The model reproduced the temporal and spatial variations of near-ground ozone and other pollutants, and it captured highly polluted and clean cases well. The simulated near-ground ozone level over CEC was 60–85 ppbv (parts per billion by volume), which was higher than values in Japan and over the North Pacific (20–50 ppbv). The simulated tagged tracer data indicated that the regional-scale transport of chemically produced ozone over other areas in CEC contributed to the greatest fraction (49%) of the near-ground mean ozone at Mt. Tai in June; in situ photochemistry contributed only 12%. Due to high anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions that occurred in the southern part of the CEC, the contribution to ground ozone levels from this area played the most important role (32.4 ppbv, 37.9% of total ozone) in the monthly mean ozone concentration at Mt. Tai; values reached 59 ppbv (62%) on 6–7 June 2006. The monthly mean horizontal distribution of chemically produced ozone from various ozone production regions indicated that photochemical reactions controlled the spatial distribution of O3 over CEC. The regional-scale transport of pollutants also played an important role in the spatial and temporal distribution of ozone over CEC. Chemically produced ozone from the southern part of the study region can be transported northeastwardly to the northern rim of CEC; the mean contribution was 5–10 ppbv, and it reached 25 ppbv during high ozone events. Studies of the outflow of CEC ozone and its precursors, as well as their influences and contributions to the ozone level over adjacent regions/countries, revealed that the contribution of CEC ozone to mean ozone mixing ratios over the Korean Peninsula and Japan was 5–15 ppbv, of which about half was due to the direct transport of ozone from CEC and half was produced locally by ozone precursors transported from CEC.

scholarly journals Trend analysis of tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> column density over East Asia during 2000–2010: multi-satellite observations and model simulations with the updated REAS emission inventory

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 11247-11268 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Itahashi ◽  
I. Uno ◽  
H. Irie ◽  
J. Kurokawa ◽  
T. Ohara
Keyword(s):  
Column Density ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Vertical Column

Abstract. Satellite observations of the tropospheric NO2 vertical column density (VCD) are closely correlated to surface NOx emissions and can thus be used to estimate the latter. In this study, the NO2 VCDs simulated by a regional chemical transport model with data from the updated Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2.1 were validated by comparison with multi-satellite observations (GOME, SCIAMACHY, GOME-2, and OMI) between 2000 and 2010. Rapid growth in NO2 VCD driven by expansion of anthropogenic NOx emissions was revealed above the central eastern China region, except during the economic downturn. In contrast, slightly decreasing trends were captured above Japan. The modeled NO2 VCDs using the updated REAS emissions reasonably reproduced the annual trends observed by multi-satellites, suggesting that the NOx emissions growth rate estimated by the updated inventory is robust. On the basis of the close linear relationship of modeled NO2 VCD, observed NO2 VCD, and anthropogenic NOx emissions, the NOx emissions in 2009 and 2010 were estimated. It was estimated that the NOx emissions from anthropogenic sources in China beyond doubled between 2000 and 2010, reflecting the strong growth of anthropogenic emissions in China with the rapid recovery from the economic downturn during late 2008 and mid-2009.

scholarly journals Regional-scale modeling of near-ground ozone in the Central East China, source attributions and an assessment of outflow to East Asia – The role of regional-scale transport during MTX2006

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 13159-13195 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Li ◽  
Z. Wang ◽  
H. Akimoto ◽  
K. Yamaji ◽  
M. Takigawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transport Model ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Horizontal Distribution ◽  
Photochemical Reactions ◽  
East China ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Ozone Level ◽  
Study Region

Abstract. A 3-D regional chemical transport model, the Nested Air Quality Prediction Model System (NAQPMS), with an on-line tracer tagging module was applied to study the source of the near-ground (<1.5 km above ground level) ozone at Mt. Tai (36.25°N, 117.10°E, 1534 m a.s.l.) in Central East China (CEC) during the Mount Tai eXperiment 2006 (MTX2006): regional ozone photochemistry and aerosol studies in Central East China in June, 2006. The model reproduced the temporal and spatial variations of near-ground ozone and other pollutants. In particular, the model captured highly polluted and clean cases well. The simulated near-ground ozone over CEC is 60–85 ppbv (parts per billion by volume), higher than those (20–50 ppbv) in Japan and over the North Pacific. The simulated tagged tracer indicates that the regional-scale transport of chemically produced ozone over other areas in CEC contributes to the most fractions (49%) of the near-ground mean ozone at Mt. Tai in June, rather than the in-situ photochemistry (12%). Due to high anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions, the contributions of the ground ozone from the southern part of CEC plays the most important role (32.4 ppbv, 37.9% of total ozone) in the monthly mean ozone concentration at Mt. Tai, which even reached 59 ppbv (62%) on 6–7 June 2006. The monthly mean horizontal distribution of chemically produced ozone from various source regions indicates that the spatial distribution of O3 over CEC is controlled by the photochemical reactions. In addition, the regional-scale transport of pollutants also plays an important role in the spatial and temporal distribution of ozone over CEC. The chemically produced ozone from the southern part of the study region can be transported northeastwardly to the northern rim of CEC. The mean contribution is 5–10 ppbv, and it can reach 25 ppbv during high ozone events. This work also studied the outflow of CEC ozone and its precursors, as well as their influences and contributions to the ozone level over adjacent regions/countries. It shows that the contribution of CEC ozone to mean ozone mixing ratios over Korea Peninsula and Japan is 5–15 ppbv, of which about half was due to the direct transport of ozone from CEC and half was contributed by the ozone produced locally by the transported ozone precursors from CEC.

scholarly journals Sunset–sunrise difference in solar occultation ozone measurements (SAGE II, HALOE, and ACE–FTS) and its relationship to tidal vertical winds

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 829-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sakazaki ◽  
M. Shiotani ◽  
M. Suzuki ◽  
D. Kinnison ◽  
J. M. Zawodny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Latitude Range ◽  
Solar Occultation ◽  
Vertical Winds

Abstract. This paper contains a comprehensive investigation of the sunset–sunrise difference (SSD, i.e., the sunset-minus-sunrise value) of the ozone mixing ratio in the latitude range of 10° S–10° N. SSD values were determined from solar occultation measurements based on data obtained from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II, the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE), and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment–Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE–FTS). The SSD was negative at altitudes of 20–30 km (−0.1 ppmv at 25 km) and positive at 30–50 km (+0.2 ppmv at 40–45 km) for HALOE and ACE–FTS data. SAGE II data also showed a qualitatively similar result, although the SSD in the upper stratosphere was 2 times larger than those derived from the other data sets. On the basis of an analysis of data from the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) and a nudged chemical transport model (the specified dynamics version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model: SD–WACCM), we conclude that the SSD can be explained by diurnal variations in the ozone concentration, particularly those caused by vertical transport by the atmospheric tidal winds. All data sets showed significant seasonal variations in the SSD; the SSD in the upper stratosphere is greatest from December through February, while that in the lower stratosphere reaches a maximum twice: during the periods March–April and September–October. Based on an analysis of SD–WACCM results, we found that these seasonal variations follow those associated with the tidal vertical winds.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of the recent methane budget to LMDz sub-grid scale physical parameterizations

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 11853-11888
Author(s):  
R. Locatelli ◽  
P. Bousquet ◽  
M. Saunois ◽  
F. Chevallier ◽  
C. Cressot
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Data ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Deep Convection ◽  
Chemical Transport ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Inverse Modelling ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Methane Budget ◽  
Physical Parameterizations

Abstract. With the densification of surface observing networks and the development of remote sensing of greenhouse gases from space, estimations of methane (CH4) sources and sinks by inverse modelling face new challenges. Indeed, the chemical transport model used to link the flux space with the mixing ratio space must be able to represent these different types of constraints for providing consistent flux estimations. Here we quantify the impact of sub-grid scale physical parameterization errors on the global methane budget inferred by inverse modelling using the same inversion set-up but different physical parameterizations within one chemical-transport model. Two different schemes for vertical diffusion, two others for deep convection, and one additional for thermals in the planetary boundary layer are tested. Different atmospheric methane datasets are used as constraints (surface observations or satellite retrievals). At the global scale, methane emissions differ, on average, from 4.1 Tg CH4 per year due to the use of different sub-grid scale parameterizations. Inversions using satellite total-column retrieved by GOSAT satellite are less impacted, at the global scale, by errors in physical parameterizations. Focusing on large-scale atmospheric transport, we show that inversions using the deep convection scheme of Emanuel (1991) derive smaller interhemispheric gradient in methane emissions. At regional scale, the use of different sub-grid scale parameterizations induces uncertainties ranging from 1.2 (2.7%) to 9.4% (14.2%) of methane emissions in Africa and Eurasia Boreal respectively when using only surface measurements from the background (extended) surface network. When using only satellite data, we show that the small biases found in inversions using GOSAT-CH4 data and a coarser version of the transport model were actually masking a poor representation of the stratosphere–troposphere gradient in the model. Improving the stratosphere–troposphere gradient reveals a larger bias in GOSAT-CH4 satellite data, which largely amplifies inconsistencies between surface and satellite inversions. A simple bias correction is proposed. The results of this work provide the level of confidence one can have for recent methane inversions relatively to physical parameterizations included in chemical-transport models.

scholarly journals Analysis of a Regional Scale Chemical-Transport Model to Investigate the Potential Capability of Satellites for Identifying a Widespread Air Pollution Event

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Welsh ◽  
Jack Fishman
Keyword(s):  
Transport Model ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Pollution Event ◽  
Surface O3 ◽  
Good Agreement

We use a regional scale photochemical transport model to investigate the surface concentrations and column integrated amounts of ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) during a pollution event that occurred in the St. Louis metropolitan region in 2012. These trace gases will be two of the primary constituents that will be measured by TEMPO, an instrument on a geostationary platform, which will result in a dataset that has hourly temporal resolution during the daytime and ~4 km spatial resolution. Although air quality managers are most concerned with surface concentrations, satellite measurements provide a quantity that reflects a column amount, which may or may not be directly relatable to what is measured at the surface. The model results provide good agreement with observed surface O3 concentrations, which is the only trace gas dataset that can be used for verification. The model shows that a plume of O3 extends downwind from St. Louis and contains an integrated amount of ozone of ~ 16 DU (1 DU = 2.69 x 1016 mol. cm-2), a quantity that is two to three times lower than what was observed by satellite measurements during two massive pollution episodes in the 1980s. Based on the smaller isolatable emissions coming from St. Louis, this quantity is not unreasonable, but may also reflect the reduction of photochemical ozone production due to the implementation of emission controls that have gone into effect in the past few decades.

scholarly journals Sunset–sunrise difference in solar occultation ozone measurements (SAGE II, HALOE, and ACE–FTS) and its relationship to tidal vertical winds

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 16043-16083
Author(s):  
T. Sakazaki ◽  
M. Shiotani ◽  
M. Suzuki ◽  
D. Kinnison ◽  
J. M. Zawodny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Latitude Range ◽  
Solar Occultation ◽  
Vertical Winds ◽  
Chemistry Experiment

Abstract. This paper contains a comprehensive investigation of the sunset–sunrise difference (SSD; i.e., the sunset-minus-sunrise value) of the ozone mixing ratio in the latitude range of 10° S–10° N. SSD values were determined from solar occultation measurements based on data obtained from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II, the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE), and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS). The SSD was negative at altitudes of 20–30 km (–0.1 ppmv at 25 km) and positive at 30–50 km (+0.2 ppmv at 40–45 km) for HALOE and ACE–FTS data. SAGE II data also showed a qualitatively similar result, although the SSD in the upper stratosphere was two times larger than those derived from the other datasets. On the basis of an analysis of data from the Superconducting Submillimeter Limb Emission Sounder (SMILES), and a nudged chemical-transport model (the Specified Dynamics version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model: SD–WACCM), we conclude that the SSD can be explained by diurnal variations in the ozone concentration, particularly those caused by vertical transport by the atmospheric tidal winds. All datasets showed significant seasonal variations in the SSD; the SSD in the upper stratosphere is greatest from December through February, while that in the lower stratosphere reaches a maximum twice: during the periods March–April and September–October. Based on an analysis of SD–WACCM results, we found that these seasonal variations follow those associated with the tidal vertical winds.

scholarly journals Multi-species inversion of CH<sub>4</sub>, CO and H<sub>2</sub> emissions from surface measurements

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 5281-5297 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Pison ◽  
P. Bousquet ◽  
F. Chevallier ◽  
S. Szopa ◽  
D. Hauglustaine
Keyword(s):  
Transport Model ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Surface Concentration ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Methyl Chloroform ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
Surface Measurements ◽  
One Year

Abstract. In order to study the spatial and temporal variations of the emissions of greenhouse gases and of their precursors, we developed a data assimilation system and applied it to infer emissions of CH4, CO and H2 for one year. It is based on an atmospheric chemical transport model and on a simplified scheme for the oxidation chain of hydrocarbons, including methane, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and molecular hydrogen together with methyl chloroform. The methodology is exposed and a first attempt at evaluating the inverted fluxes is made. Inversions of the emission fluxes of CO, CH4 and H2 and concentrations of HCHO and OH were performed for the year 2004, using surface concentration measurements of CO, CH4, H2 and CH3CCl3 as constraints. Independent data from ship and aircraft measurements and satellite retrievals are used to evaluate the results. The total emitted mass of CO is 30% higher after the inversion, due to increased fluxes by up to 35% in the Northern Hemisphere. The spatial distribution of emissions of CH4 is modified by a decrease of fluxes in boreal areas up to 60%. The comparison between mono- and multi-species inversions shows that the results are close at a global scale but may significantly differ at a regional scale because of the interactions between the various tracers during the inversion.

scholarly journals Long-term MAX-DOAS network observations of NO<sub>2</sub> in Russia and Asia (MADRAS) during the period 2007–2012: instrumentation, elucidation of climatology, and comparisons with OMI satellite observations and global model simulations

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 7909-7927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Kanaya ◽  
H. Irie ◽  
H. Takashima ◽  
H. Iwabuchi ◽  
H. Akimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Data ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Global Model ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Vertical Column ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Model Simulations

Abstract. We conducted long-term network observations using standardized Multi-Axis Differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instruments in Russia and ASia (MADRAS) from 2007 onwards and made the first synthetic data analysis. At seven locations (Cape Hedo, Fukue and Yokosuka in Japan, Hefei in China, Gwangju in Korea, and Tomsk and Zvenigorod in Russia) with different levels of pollution, we obtained 80 927 retrievals of tropospheric NO2 vertical column density (TropoNO2VCD) and aerosol optical depth (AOD). In the technique, the optimal estimation of the TropoNO2VCD and its profile was performed using aerosol information derived from O4 absorbances simultaneously observed at 460–490 nm. This large data set was used to analyze NO2 climatology systematically, including temporal variations from the seasonal to the diurnal scale. The results were compared with Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite observations and global model simulations. Two NO2 retrievals of OMI satellite data (NASA ver. 2.1 and Dutch OMI NO2 (DOMINO) ver. 2.0) generally showed close correlations with those derived from MAX-DOAS observations, but had low biases of up to ~50%. The bias was distinct when NO2 was abundantly present near the surface and when the AOD was high, suggesting a possibility of incomplete accounting of NO2 near the surface under relatively high aerosol conditions for the satellite observations. Except for constant biases, the satellite observations showed nearly perfect seasonal agreement with MAX-DOAS observations, suggesting that the analysis of seasonal features of the satellite data were robust. Weekend reduction in the TropoNO2VCD found at Yokosuka and Gwangju was absent at Hefei, implying that the major sources had different weekly variation patterns. While the TropoNO2VCD generally decreased during the midday hours, it increased exceptionally at urban/suburban locations (Yokosuka, Gwangju, and Hefei) during winter. A global chemical transport model, MIROC-ESM-CHEM (Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate–Earth System Model–Chemistry), was validated for the first time with respect to background NO2 column densities during summer at Cape Hedo and Fukue in the clean marine atmosphere.

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