scholarly journals MIPAS-STR measurements in the arctic UTLS in winter/spring 2010: instrument characterization, retrieval and validation

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 7035-7108 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Woiwode ◽  
H. Oelhaf ◽  
T. Gulde ◽  
C. Piesch ◽  
G. Maucher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Michelson Interferometer ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Radiometric Calibration ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Current Configuration ◽  
Mean Differences

Abstract. The mid-infrared FTIR-limb-sounder Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding – STRatospheric aircraft (MIPAS-STR) was deployed onboard the stratospheric aircraft M55 Geophysica during the RECONCILE campaign in the arctic winter/spring 2010. From the MIPAS-STR measurements, vertical profiles and 2-dimensional vertical cross-sections of temperature and trace gases are retrieved. Detailed mesoscale structures of polar vortex air, extra vortex air and vortex filaments are identified in the results at a typical vertical resolution of 1 to 2 km and typical horizontal sampling density of 45 or 25 km, depending on the sampling programme. Results are shown for the RECONCILE flight 11 on 2 March 2010 and are validated with collocated in-situ measurements of temperature, O3, CFC-11, CFC-12 and H2O. Exceptional agreement is found for the in-situ comparisons of temperature and O3, with mean differences (vertical profile/along flight track) of 0.2/−0.2 K for temperature and −0.01/0.05 ppmv for O3 and corresponding sample standard deviations of the mean differences of 0.7/0.6 K and 0.1/0.3 ppmv. The comparison of the retrieved vertical cross-sections of HNO3 from MIPAS-STR and the infrared limb-sounder Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere – New Frontiers (CRISTA-NF) indicates comprehensive agreement. We discuss MIPAS-STR in its current configuration, the spectral and radiometric calibration of the measurements and the retrieval of atmospheric parameters from the spectra. The MIPAS-STR measurements are significantly affected by continuum-like contributions, which are attributed to background aerosol and broad spectral signatures from interfering trace gases and are important for mid-infrared limb-sounding measurements in the Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) region. Considering for continuum-like effects, we present a scheme suitable for accurate retrievals of temperature and an extended set of trace gases, including the correction of a systematic line-of-sight offset.

scholarly journals MIPAS-STR measurements in the Arctic UTLS in winter/spring 2010: instrument characterization, retrieval and validation

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1205-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Woiwode ◽  
H. Oelhaf ◽  
T. Gulde ◽  
C. Piesch ◽  
G. Maucher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Michelson Interferometer ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Radiometric Calibration ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Mean Differences

Abstract. The mid-infrared FTIR-limb-sounder Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding–STRatospheric aircraft (MIPAS-STR) was deployed onboard the research aircraft M55 Geophysica during the RECONCILE campaign (Reconciliation of Essential Process Parameters for an Enhanced Predictability of Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Loss and its Climate Interactions) in the Arctic winter/spring 2010. From the MIPAS-STR measurements, vertical profiles and 2-dimensional vertical cross-sections of temperature and trace gases are retrieved. Detailed mesoscale structures of polar vortex air, extra vortex air and vortex filaments are identified in the results at typical vertical resolutions of 1 to 2 km and typical horizontal sampling densities of 45 or 25 km, depending on the sampling programme. Results are shown for the RECONCILE flight 11 on 2 March 2010 and are validated with collocated in-situ measurements of temperature, O3, CFC-11, CFC-12 and H2O. Exceptional agreement is found for the in-situ comparisons of temperature and O3, with mean differences (vertical profile/along flight track) of 0.2/−0.2 K for temperature and −0.01/0.05 ppmv for O3 and corresponding sample standard deviations of the mean differences of 0.7/0.6 K and 0.1/0.3 ppmv. The comparison of the retrieved vertical cross-sections of HNO3 from MIPAS-STR and the infrared limb-sounder Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere–New Frontiers (CRISTA–NF) indicates a high degree of agreement. We discuss MIPAS-STR in its current configuration, the spectral and radiometric calibration of the measurements and the retrieval of atmospheric parameters from the spectra. The MIPAS-STR measurements are significantly affected by continuum-like contributions, which are attributed to background aerosol and broad spectral signatures from interfering trace gases, and are important for mid-infrared limb-sounding in the Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) region. Taking into consideration continuum-like effects, we present a scheme suitable for accurate retrievals of temperature and an extended set of trace gases, including the correction of a systematic line-of-sight offset.

scholarly journals Quantifying transport into the Arctic lowermost stratosphere

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 11623-11639 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Werner ◽  
C. M. Volk ◽  
E. V. Ivanova ◽  
T. Wetter ◽  
C. Schiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Latitude ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Mass Balance Calculation ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Simple Mass

Abstract. In the Arctic winter 2003, in-situ measurements of the long-lived trace gases N2O, CFC-11 (CCl3F), H-1211 (CBrClF2), CH4, O3 and H2O have been performed on board the high-altitude aircraft M55 Geophysica. The data are presented and used to study transport into the lowermost stratosphere (LMS). The LMS can be regarded as a mixture of fractions of air originating in (i) the troposphere, (ii) the extra-vortex stratosphere above 400 K and (iii) the Arctic vortex above 400 K. These fractions are determined using a simple mass balance calculation. The analysis exhibits a strong tropospheric influence of 50% ± 15% or more in the lowest 20 K of the high-latitude LMS. Above this region the LMS is dominated by air masses having descended from above 400 K. Below the Arctic vortex region at potential temperatures above 360 K, air in the LMS is a mixture of extra-vortex stratospheric and vortex air masses. The vortex fraction increases from about 40% ± 15% at 360 K to 100% at 400 K for equivalent latitudes >70° N. This influence of air masses descending through the bottom of the polar vortex increases over the course of the winter. By the end of winter a significant fraction of 30% ± 10% vortex air in the LMS is found even at an equivalent latitude of 40° N. Since the chemical and dynamical history of vortex air is distinct from that of mid-latitude stratospheric air masses, this study implies that the composition of the mid- to high-latitude LMS during late winter and spring is significantly influenced by the Arctic vortex.

scholarly journals Quantifying transport into the Arctic lowermost stratosphere

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1407-1446 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Werner ◽  
C. M. Volk ◽  
E. V. Ivanova ◽  
T. Wetter ◽  
C. Schiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Latitude ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Mass Balance Calculation ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Simple Mass

Abstract. In-situ measurements of the long-lived trace gases N2O, CFC-11 (CCl3F), H-1211 (CBrClF2), CH4, O3 and H2O performed in the Arctic winter 2003 on board the high-altitude aircraft M55 Geophysica are presented and used to study transport into the lowermost stratosphere (LMS). Fractions of air in the LMS originating in i) the troposphere, ii) the extra-vortex stratosphere above 400 K and iii) the Arctic vortex above 400 K are determined using a simple mass balance calculation. The analysis exhibits a strong tropospheric influence of 50% or more in the lowest 20 K of the high-latitude LMS. Above this region the LMS is dominated by air masses having descended from above 400 K. Below the Arctic vortex region at potential temperatures above 360 K, air in the LMS is a mixture of extra-vortex stratospheric and vortex air masses. The vortex fraction increases from about 40% at 360 K to 100% at 400 K for equivalent latitudes >70° N. This influence of air masses descending through the bottom of the polar vortex increases over the course of the winter. By the end of winter a significant fraction of 30% vortex air in the LMS is found even at an equivalent latitude of 40° N. Since the chemical and dynamical history of vortex air is distinct from that of mid-latitude stratospheric air masses, this study implies that the composition of the mid- to high-latitude LMS during late winter and spring is significantly influenced by the Arctic vortex.

scholarly journals Airborne limb-imaging measurements of temperature, HNO<sub>3</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>, ClONO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O and CFC-12 during the Arctic winter 2015/16: characterization, in-situ validation and comparison to Aura/MLS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sören Johansson ◽  
Wolfgang Woiwode ◽  
Michael Höpfner ◽  
Felix Friedl-Vallon ◽  
Anne Kleinert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Spectral Resolution ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
High Spectral Resolution ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Atmospheric Variability ◽  
Mesoscale Structures ◽  
Research Aircraft

Abstract. The Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA) was operated on board the German High Altitude and LOng range (HALO) research aircraft during the PGS (POLSTRACC/GW-LCYCLE/SALSA) aircraft campaigns in the Arctic winter 2015/2016. Research flights were conducted from 17 December 2015 until 18 March 2016 between 80° W–30° E longitude and 25° N–87° N latitude. From the GLORIA infrared limb emission measurements, two dimensional cross sections of temperature, HNO3, O3, ClONO2, H2O and CFC-12 are retrieved. During 15 scientific flights of the PGS campaigns the GLORIA instrument measured more than 15 000 atmospheric profiles at high spectral resolution. Dependent on flight altitude and tropospheric cloud cover, the profiles retrieved from the measurements typically range between 5 and 14 km, and vertical resolutions between 400 m and 1000 m are achieved. The estimated total (random and systematic) 1σ errors are in the range of 1 to 2 K for temperature and 10 % to 20 % relative error for the discussed trace gases. Comparisons to in-situ instruments deployed on board HALO have been performed. Over all flights of this campaign the median differences and median absolute deviations between in-situ and GLORIA observations are −0.75 K ± 0.88 K for temperature, −0.03 ppbv ± 0.85 ppbv for HNO3, −3.5 ppbv ± 116.8 ppbv for O3, −15.4 pptv ± 102.8 pptv for ClONO2, −0.13 ppmv ± 0.63 ppmv for H2O and −19.8 pptv ± 46.9 pptv for CFC-12. These differences are mainly within the expected performances of the cross-compared instruments. Events with stronger deviations are explained by atmospheric variability and different sampling characteristics of the instruments. Additionally comparisons of GLORIA HNO3 and O3 with measurements of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument show highly consistent structures in trace gas distributions and illustrate the potential of the high spectral resolution limb-imaging GLORIA observations for resolving narrow mesoscale structures in the UTLS.

scholarly journals Analysis of new species retrieved from MIPAS

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaomin Cai ◽  
Anu Dudhia
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
New Species ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Michelson Interferometer ◽  
Emission Spectra ◽  
Fourier Transform Spectrometer ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
The Third ◽  
Atmospheric Sounding

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instrument which operated on the Envisat satellite from 2002-2012 is a Fourier transform spectrometer for the measurement of high-resolution gaseous emission spectra at the Earth's limb. It operates in the near- to mid-infrared, where many of the main atmospheric trace gases have important emission features. The initial operational products were profiles of Temperature, H2O, O3, CH4, N2O, HNO3, and NO2, and this list was recently extended to include N2O5, ClONO2, CFC-11 and CFC-12. Here we present preliminary results of retrievals of the third set of species under consideration for inclusion in the operational processor: HCN, CF4, HCFC-22, COF2 and CCl4.

The prevalence of meteoric-sulphuric particles within the stratospheric aerosol layer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Mann ◽  
James Brooke ◽  
Kamalika Sengupta ◽  
Lauren Marshall ◽  
Sandip Dhomse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Latitude ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Light Extinction ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Particle Layer

&lt;p&gt;The widespread presence of meteoric smoke particles (MSPs) within a distinct class of stratospheric aerosol particles has become clear from in-situ measurements in the Arctic, Antarctic and at mid-latitudes.&lt;br&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;We apply an adapted version of the interactive stratosphere aerosol configuration of the composition-climate model UM-UKCA, to predict the global distribution of meteoric-sulphuric particles nucleated heterogeneously on MSP cores. We compare the UM-UKCA results to new MSP-sulphuric simulations with the European stratosphere-troposphere chemistry-aerosol modelling system IFS-CB05-BASCOE-GLOMAP.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;The simulations show a strong seasonal cycle in meteoric-sulphuric particle abundance results from the winter-time source of MSPs transported down into the stratosphere in the polar vortex. Coagulation during downward transport sees high latitude MSP concentrations reduce from ~500 per cm3 at 40km to ~20 per cm3 at 25km, the uppermost extent of the stratospheric aerosol particle layer (the Junge layer).&lt;br&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;Once within the Junge layer's supersaturated environment, meteoric-sulphuric particles form readily on the MSP cores, growing to 50-70nm dry-diameter (Dp) at 20-25km. Further inter-particle coagulation between these non-volatile particles reduces their number to 1-5 per cc at 15-20km, particle sizes there larger, at Dp ~100nm.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;The model predicts meteoric-sulphurics in high-latitude winter comprise &gt;90% of Dp&gt;10nm particles above 25km, reducing to ~40% at 20km, and ~10% at 15km.&lt;br&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;These non-volatile particle fractions are slightly less than measured from high-altitude aircraft in the lowermost Arctic stratosphere (Curtius et al., 2005; Weigel et al., 2014), and consistent with mid-latitude aircraft measurements of lower stratospheric aerosol composition (Murphy et al., 1998), total particle concentrations &amp;#160;also matching in-situ balloon measurements from Wyoming (Campbell and Deshler, 2014).&lt;br&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;The MSP-sulphuric interactions also improve agreement with SAGE-II observed stratospheric aerosol extinction in the quiescent 1998-2002 period.&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;Simulations with a factor-8-elevated MSP input form more Dp&gt;10nm meteoric-sulphurics, but the increased number sees fewer growing to Dp ~100nm, the increased MSPs reducing the stratospheric aerosol layer&amp;#8217;s light extinction.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Evidence for long-lived polar vortex air in the mid-latitude summer stratosphere from in situ laser diode CH<sub>4</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O measurements

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1467-1472 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Durry ◽  
A. Hauchecorne
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Laser Diode ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Concentration Profiles ◽  
Spatial Structures ◽  
Laser Spectrometer ◽  
Southern France ◽  
Diode Laser Spectrometer

Abstract. A balloon borne diode laser spectrometer was launched in southern France in June 2000 to yield in situ stratospheric CH4 and H2O measurements. In the altitude region ranging from 20km to 25km, striking large spatial structures were observed in the vertical concentration profiles of both species. We suggest these patterns are due to the presence of long-lived remnants of the wintertime polar vortex in the mid-latitude summer stratosphere. To support this interpretation, a high resolution advection model for potential vorticity is used to investigate the evolution of the Arctic vortex after its breakdown phase in spring 2000.

scholarly journals Investigation of Arctic middle-atmospheric dynamics using 3 years of H<sub>2</sub>O and O<sub>3</sub> measurements from microwave radiometers at Ny-Ålesund

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Schranz ◽  
Brigitte Tschanz ◽  
Rolf Rüfenacht ◽  
Klemens Hocke ◽  
Mathias Palm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Microwave Radiometer ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
High Time Resolution ◽  
Middle Atmospheric Dynamics ◽  
Wind Profiles ◽  
Microwave Radiometers

Abstract. We use 3 years of water vapour and ozone measurements to analyse dynamical events in the polar middle atmosphere such as sudden stratospheric warmings (SSW), polar vortex shifts, water vapour descent rates and periodicities. The measurements were performed with the two ground-based microwave radiometers MIAWARA-C and GROMOS-C which are co-located at the AWIPEV research base at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (79° N, 12° E) since September 2015. The almost continuous datasets of water vapour and ozone are characterised by a high time resolution in the order of hours. A thorough intercomparison of these datasets with models and measurements from satellite, ground-based and in-situ instruments was performed. In the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere the MIAWARA-C profiles agree within 5 % with SD-WACCM simulations and ACE-FTS measurements whereas AuraMLS measurements show an average offset of 10–15 % depending on altitude but constant in time. Stratospheric GROMOS-C profiles are within 5 % of the satellite instruments AuraMLS and ACE-FTS and the ground-based microwave radiometer OZORAM which is also located at Ny-Ålesund. During these first three years of the measurement campaign typical phenomena of the Arctic middle atmosphere took place and we analysed their signatures in the water vapour and ozone datasets. Inside of the polar vortex in autumn we found the descent rate of mesospheric water vapour to be 435 m/day on average. In early 2017 distinct increases in mesospheric water vapour of about 2 ppm were observed when the polar vortex was displaced and midlatitude air was brought to Ny-Ålesund. Two major sudden stratospheric warmings took place in March 2016 and February 2018 where ozone enhancements of up to 4 ppm were observed. The zonal wind reversals accompanying a major SSW were captured in the GROMOS-C wind profiles which are retrieved from the ozone spectra. After the SSW in February 2018 the polar vortex re-established and the water vapour descent rate in the mesosphere was 355 m/day. In the water vapour and ozone time series signatures of atmospheric waves with periods close to 2, 5, 10 and 16 days were found.

scholarly journals Middle atmospheric water vapour and dynamics in the vicinity of the polar vortex during the Hygrosonde-2 campaign

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (13) ◽  
pp. 4407-4417 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lossow ◽  
M. Khaplanov ◽  
J. Gumbel ◽  
J. Stegman ◽  
G. Witt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Water Vapour Concentration ◽  
Wind Shears

Abstract. The Hygrosonde-2 campaign took place on 16 December 2001 at Esrange/Sweden (68° N, 21° E) with the aim to investigate the small scale distribution of water vapour in the middle atmosphere in the vicinity of the Arctic polar vortex. In situ balloon and rocket-borne measurements of water vapour were performed by means of OH fluorescence hygrometry. The combined measurements yielded a high resolution water vapour profile up to an altitude of 75 km. Using the characteristic of water vapour being a dynamical tracer it was possible to directly relate the water vapour data to the location of the polar vortex edge, which separates air masses of different character inside and outside the polar vortex. The measurements probed extra-vortex air in the altitude range between 45 km and 60 km and vortex air elsewhere. Transitions between vortex and extra-vortex usually coincided with wind shears caused by gravity waves which advect air masses with different water vapour volume mixing ratios. From the combination of the results from the Hygrosonde-2 campaign and the first flight of the optical hygrometer in 1994 (Hygrosonde-1) a clear picture of the characteristic water vapour distribution inside and outside the polar vortex can be drawn. Systematic differences in the water vapour concentration between the inside and outside of the polar vortex can be observed all the way up into the mesosphere. It is also evident that in situ measurements with high spatial resolution are needed to fully account for the small-scale exchange processes in the polar winter middle atmosphere.

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