scholarly journals Evaluation of thin film composite forward osmosis membranes: effect of polyamide preparation conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Aya Mohammed Kadhom ◽  
Mustafa Hussein Al-Furaiji ◽  
Zaidun Naji Abudi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Interfacial Polymerization ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Amine Salt ◽  
Salt Flux ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Thin Film Composite ◽  
Preparation Conditions

Abstract. The forward osmosis (FO) process has been considered for desalination as a competitive option with respect to the traditional reverse osmosis process. The interfacial polymerization (IP) reaction between two monomers (i.e., m-phenylenediamine, MPD, and 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl chloride, TMC) is typically used to prepare the selective polyamide layer that prevents salts and allows water molecules to pass. In this research, we investigated the effect of preparation conditions (MPD contact time, TMC reaction time, and addition of an amine salt) on the FO performance in terms of water flux and salt flux. The results showed that increasing MPD contact time resulted in a significant increase in the water flux and salt flux. However, increasing TMC reaction time caused a decline in both the water flux and the salt flux. The optimum condition that gave the highest water flux (64 L m−2 h−1) was found to be as 5 min for MPD and 1 min for TMC. The addition of an amine salt of camphorsulfonic acid-triethylamine (CSA-TEA) was able to have an apparent effect on the FO process by increasing the water flux (74.5 L m−2 h−1).

scholarly journals Evaluation of Thin Film Composite Forward Osmosis Membranes: Effect of Polyamide Preparation Conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aya Mohammed Kadhom ◽  
Mustafa Huseein Al-Furaiji ◽  
Zaidun Naji Abudi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Interfacial Polymerization ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Amine Salt ◽  
Salt Flux ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Thin Film Composite ◽  
Preparation Conditions

Abstract. The forward osmosis (FO) process has been considered for desalination as a competitor option to the traditional reverse osmosis process. Interfacial polymerization (IP) reaction between two monomers (i.e., m-phenylene diamine (MPD) and 1, 3, 5-benzenetricarbonyl chloride (TMC)) is typically used to prepare the selective polyamide layer that prevents salts and allows water molecules to pass. In this research, we investigated the effect of preparation conditions (MPD contact time, TMC reaction time, and addition of an amine salt) on the FO performance in terms of water flux and salt flux. The results showed that increasing MPD contact time resulted in a significant increase in the water flux and salt flux. However, increasing TMC reaction time caused a decline in both the water flux and the salt flux. The optimum condition that gave the highest water flux was found to be as 5 min for MPD and 1 min for TMC. The addition of an amine salt of camphorsulfonic acid-triethylamine (CSA-TEA) was able to make an apparent effect on the FO process by increasing water flux.

EFFECT OF PIPERAZINE (PIP) CONCENTRATION AND REACTION TIME ON THE FORMATION OF THIN FILM COMPOSITE FORWARD OSMOSIS (FO) MEMBRANE

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Amirul Mohd Yusof ◽  
Mazrul Nizam Abu Seman
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Interfacial Polymerization ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Angle Measurement ◽  
Film Composite ◽  
Thin Film Composite

Nowadays, wide applications of forward osmosis (FO) technology have been huge attention in solving the water shortage problems. Hence, the performance of thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis membrane via interfacial polymerization (IP) was studied. 2% and 1% w/v of piperazine (PIP) and 0.15% w/v of trimesoyl chloride (TMC) were reacted with 3 different reaction time (60s, 30s, and 10s). The fabricated membranes were then characterized by FTIR, contact angle measurement and FESEM. Pure water flux, humic acid rejection (represent NOM) and salt leakage were evaluated to obtain the best polyamide FO membrane. The results demonstrated that polyamide FO membranes fabricated with 2% w/v possess a higher hydrophilic properties compared to 1% w/v. In addition, regardless of monomer concentrations, at longest reaction time (60s), there is no significant change in water flux. Membrane fabricated at 60s of reaction time exhibited water flux of 1.90 LMH and 1.92 LMH for 2% w/v and 1% w/v of PIP concentrations, respectively. The same trend also observed for humic acid rejection (93.9%-94.6%). The salt leakage test revealed that the minimum salt reverse diffusion (0.01-0.02 GMH) could be achieved for membrane fabricated at longest reaction time of 60s for both PIP concentrations. As conclusion, manipulating monomer concentrations and reaction time is the main key to obtain an optimal polyamide layer with high membrane performance covering higher water flux, higher removal of humic acid and lower reverse salt diffusion.  

scholarly journals Fabrication of a novel cyanoethyl cellulose substrate for thin-film composite forward osmosis membrane

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Zheng ◽  
Shaoqi Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Salt Flux ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Film Composite ◽  
Thin Film Composite ◽  
Reverse Salt Flux ◽  
Cyanoethyl Cellulose

Abstract In this study, cyanoethyl cellulose (CEC) was used as a membrane material, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was used as pore-forming agent to prepare the substrates for the thin-film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane for the first time. The experimental results demonstrate that the properties of the substrates were significantly improved after PVP was added. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that a two-sublayer structure, a fringe-like top sublayer and macrovoids with sponge-like wall bottom sublayer, were formed after the addition of PVP. These improvements contributed to improved membrane performance during FO tests. Meanwhile, after adding PVP, the TFC membranes exhibited good water flux, and excellent specific reverse salt flux. For instance, the TFC-M2 exhibited 9.10/20.67 LMH water flux, 1.35/2.24 gMH reverse salt flux, and 0.15/0.11 g/L specific reverse salt flux in FO/pressure-retarded osmosis mode while using 1 M NaCl as the draw solution and deionized (DI) water as the feed solution.

scholarly journals Alleviation of Reverse Salt Leakage across Nanofiber Supported Thin-Film Composite Forward Osmosis Membrane via Heat-Curing in Hot Water

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Xiao-Xue Ke ◽  
Ting-Yu Wang ◽  
Xiao-Qiong Wu ◽  
Jiang-Ping Chen ◽  
Quan-Bao Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Interfacial Polymerization ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Phase Interface ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Salt Flux ◽  
Film Composite ◽  
Thin Film Composite ◽  
Heat Curing

Electrospun nanofiber with interconnected porous structure has been studied as a promising support layer of polyamide (PA) thin-film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane. However, its rough surface with irregular pores is prone to the formation of a defective PA active layer after interfacial polymerization, which shows high reverse salt leakage in FO desalination. Heat-curing is beneficial for crosslinking and stabilization of the PA layer. In this work, a nanofiber-supported PA TFC membrane was conceived to be cured on a hot water surface with preserved phase interface for potential “defect repair”, which could be realized by supplementary interfacial polymerization of residual monomers during heat-curing. The resultant hot-water-curing FO membrane with a more uniform superhydrophilic and highly crosslinked PA layer exhibited much lower reverse salt flux (FO: 0.3 gMH, PRO: 0.8 gMH) than that of oven-curing FO membrane (FO: 2.3 gMH, PRO: 2.2 gMH) and achieved ∼4 times higher separation efficiency. It showed superior stability owing to mitigated reverse salt leakage and osmotic pressure loss, with its water flux decline lower than a quarter that of the oven-curing membrane. This study could provide new insight into the fine-tuning of nanofiber-supported TFC FO membrane for high-quality desalination via a proper selection of heat-curing methods.

scholarly journals Improving the Structural Parameter of the Membrane Sublayer for Enhanced Forward Osmosis

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 448
Author(s):  
Jin Fei Sark ◽  
Nora Jullok ◽  
Woei Jye Lau
Keyword(s):  
Water Permeability ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Interfacial Polymerization ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Salt Flux ◽  
Structural Parameter ◽  
Asymmetric Membrane ◽  
S Parameter ◽  
Phase Inversion Technique

The structural (S) parameter of a medium is used to represent the mass transport resistance of an asymmetric membrane. In this study, we aimed to fabricate a membrane sublayer using a novel composition to improve the S parameter for enhanced forward osmosis (FO). Thin film composite (TFC) membranes using polyamide (PA) as an active layer and different polysulfone:polyethersulfone (PSf:PES) supports as sublayers were prepared via the phase inversion technique, followed by interfacial polymerization. The membrane made with a PSf:PES ratio of 2:3 was observed to have the lowest contact angle (CA) with the highest overall porosity. It also had the highest water permeability (A; 3.79 ± 1.06 L m−2 h−1 bar−1) and salt permeability (B; 8.42 ± 2.34 g m−2 h−1), as well as a good NaCl rejection rate of 74%. An increase in porosity at elevated temperatures from 30 to 40 °C decreased Sint from 184 ± 4 to 159 ± 2 μm. At elevated temperatures, significant increases in the water flux from 13.81 to 42.86 L m−2 h−1 and reverse salt flux (RSF) from 12.74 to 460 g m−2 h−1 occur, reducing Seff from 152 ± 26 to 120 ± 14 μm. Sint is a temperature-dependent parameter, whereas Seff can only be reduced in a high-water- permeability membrane at elevated temperatures.

scholarly journals Synthesis And Performance Of Thin Film Composite Nanofiltration Polyester Membrane For Removal Of Natural Organic Matter Substances

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
N.A. Jalanni ◽  
M.N. Abu Seman ◽  
C.K. M Faizal
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Interfacial Polymerization ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Film Composite ◽  
Thin Film Composite ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Straight Lines

Nanofiltration (NF) polyester thin-film composite (TFC) membranes have been prepared by interfacial polymerization using commercial polyethersulfone membrane support. At 6% (w/v) triethanolamine (TEAO) concentrations in the aqueous solution and a range of interfacial polymerization times in the organic solution containing trimesoyl chloride (TMC) were studied. Nanofiltration membranes were produced with varying properties through interfacial polymerization technique. The ability to use NF membranes with varying properties will improve overall process efficiency. This study has shown that through interfacial polymerization technique, the variation of reaction time as well as can affect the performance of the membrane produced. As a result, increasing the reaction time resulted in decreasing water permeabilities. Polyester with some amide group produced after interfacial polymerization occurred as shown by FT-IR spectra. Straight lines were obtained between Jw and ΔP and the water flux of distilled water shown that flux is directly proportional to transmembrane pressure (TMP). At low reaction time (5 min), the water flux has no significant effect on water permeance. So, the reaction time has a significant effect on the growth of thin film.

scholarly journals Optimal Performance of Thin-Film Composite Nanofiltration-Like Forward Osmosis Membranes Set Off by Changing the Chemical Structure of Diamine Reacted with Trimesoyl Chloride through Interfacial Polymerization

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 544
Author(s):  
Manuel Reyes De Guzman ◽  
Micah Belle Marie Yap Ang ◽  
Shu-Hsien Huang ◽  
Qing-Yi Huang ◽  
Yu-Hsuan Chiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Interfacial Polymerization ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
Salt Flux ◽  
Polymerization Reaction ◽  
Film Composite ◽  
Thin Film Composite ◽  
Trimesoyl Chloride

Thin-film composite (TFC) polyamide membranes formed through interfacial polymerization can function more efficiently by tuning the chemical structure of participating monomers. Accordingly, three kinds of diamine monomers were considered to take part in interfacial polymerization. Each diamine was reacted with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) to manufacture TFC polyamide nanofiltration (NF)-like forward osmosis (FO) membranes. The diamines differed in chemical structure; the functional group present between the terminal amines was classified as follows: aliphatic group of 1,3-diaminopropane (DAPE); cyclohexane in 1,3-cyclohexanediamine (CHDA); and aromatic or benzene ring in m-phenylenediamine (MPD). For FO tests, deionized water and 1 M aqueous sodium sulfate solution were used as feed and draw solution, respectively. Interfacial polymerization conditions were also varied: concentrations of water and oil phases, time of contact between the water-phase solution and the membrane substrate, and polymerization reaction time. The resultant membranes were characterized using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and surface contact angle measurement to identify the chemical structure, morphology, roughness, and hydrophilicity of the polyamide layer, respectively. The results of FO experiments revealed that among the three diamine monomers, CHDA turned out to be the most effective, as it led to the production of TFC NF-like FO membrane with optimal performance. Then, the following optimum conditions were established for the CHDA-based membrane: contact between 2.5 wt.% aqueous CHDA solution and polysulfone (PSf) substrate for 2 min, and polymerization reaction between 1 wt.% TMC solution and 2.5 wt.% CHDA solution for 30 s. The composite CHDA-TMC/PSf membrane delivered a water flux (Jw) of 18.24 ± 1.33 LMH and a reverse salt flux (Js) of 5.75 ± 1.12 gMH; therefore, Js/Jw was evaluated to be 0.32 ± 0.07 (g/L).

Microporous carbon from fullerene impregnated porous aromatic frameworks for improving the desalination performance of thin film composite forward osmosis membranes

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (24) ◽  
pp. 11327-11336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Wu ◽  
Mahdokht Shaibani ◽  
Stefan J. D. Smith ◽  
Kristina Konstas ◽  
Matthew R. Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Interfacial Polymerization ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Microporous Carbon ◽  
Film Composite ◽  
Thin Film Composite ◽  
Porous Aromatic Frameworks

Novel TFN-FO membranes with improved water flux have been synthesized by adding C60@PAF900 into the organic phase of interfacial polymerization.

scholarly journals Evaluating Fertilizer-Drawn Forward Osmosis Performance in Treating Anaerobic Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 566
Author(s):  
Ruwaida Abdul Wahid ◽  
Wei Lun Ang ◽  
Abdul Wahab Mohammad ◽  
Daniel James Johnson ◽  
Nidal Hilal
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Salt Flux ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Flux Decline ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

Fertilizer-drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) is a potential alternative to recover and reuse water and nutrients from agricultural wastewater, such as palm oil mill effluent that consists of 95% water and is rich in nutrients. This study investigated the potential of commercial fertilizers as draw solution (DS) in FDFO to treat anaerobic palm oil mill effluent (An-POME). The process parameters affecting FO were studied and optimized, which were then applied to fertilizer selection based on FO performance and fouling propensity. Six commonly used fertilizers were screened and assessed in terms of pure water flux (Jw) and reverse salt flux (JS). Ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), and potassium chloride (KCl) were further evaluated with An-POME. MAP showed the best performance against An-POME, with a high average water flux, low flux decline, the highest performance ratio (PR), and highest water recovery of 5.9% for a 4-h operation. In a 24-h fouling run, the average flux decline and water recovered were 84% and 15%, respectively. Both hydraulic flushing and osmotic backwashing cleaning were able to effectively restore the water flux. The results demonstrated that FDFO using commercial fertilizers has the potential for the treatment of An-POME for water recovery. Nevertheless, further investigation is needed to address challenges such as JS and the dilution factor of DS for direct use of fertigation.

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