Influence of Post Emergence Application of Herbicides on Growth, Yield and Economics of Dry Direct Sown Rice

The field trial was conducted on sandy clay loam soils of agricultural research station Ragolu, A.P. India during two consecutive Kharif seasons of 2015 and 2016 .The trial was conducted in Randomized Block Design with three replications and nine treatments Viz., T1- post emergence application of Bis-pyribac sodium @ 25 g ai/ha at 20 DAS fb Amine salt of 2,4 D @ 0.58 kg ai/ha at 40 DAS; T2- post emergence application of Bis-pyribac sodium @ 25 g ai/ha at 20 DAS fb metsulfuron methyl + chlorimuron ethyl (Almix) 4 g ai/ha at 40 DAS; T3- post émergence application Bis-pyribac sodium @ 25 g ai/ha at 20 DAS fb Ethoxysulfuron @ 20 g ai/ha at 40DAS ; T4- post emergence application Bis-pyribac sodium @ 25 g ai/ha at 20 DAS fb postemergence application of Fenoxaprop P ethyl with safenor (Rice star) @ 625ml/ha at 40 DAS ; T5- post emergence application Bis-pyribac sodium @ 25 g ai/ha at 20 DAS fb postemergence application of Cyhalofopbutyl @100 g ai/ha + amine salt of 2,4, D @ 0.58 kg ai/ha at 40 DAS; T6- post emergence application Bis-pyribac sodium @ 25 g ai/ha at 20 DAS fb Ethoxysulfuron @ 20 g ai/ha+ Fenoxaprop PEthyl with safenor (Rice star) @ 625ml/ha at 40 DAS; T7- Post emergece application of Penoxulam@ 25g ai/ha at 20 DAS fb amine salt of 2,4, D @ 0.58 kg ai/ha at 40 DAS ;T8- Two hand weedings at 20 & 40 DAS and T9- Weedy Check. The study in dry direct sown rice on weed management by herbicides revealed that, uncontrolled weed growth in dry direct sown rice reduced the grain yield by 46 to 54 percent. Post emergence application of Bis-pyribac sodium @ 25 g ai/ha at 20 DAS followed by Ethoxysulfuron @ 20 g ai/ha+ Fenoxaprop P Ethyl with safenor (Rice star) @ 625 ml/ha at 40 DAS resulted into taller plants, maximum number of tillers/m2, The highest dry matter production at harvest, more number of panicles/m2 filled grains/panicle, 1000 grain wt, higher grain yield (82-108 %t over weedy check) Straw yield besides higher gross returns net returns and B:C ratio among different herbicide treatments.

DIVERSITY OF WEEDS AND HERBICIDES IN SHALLOW RICE GRWING IN DALOA

Rice farming in the Cote dIvoire faces enormous constraints, including that of adventitious management. A study on rice adventitious was conducted with the objective of inventorying rice adventitious as well as herbicides that are used for chemical control in the city of Daloa. Thus, 60 rice growers selected at random and from three (3) bunds representing plots of approximately four (4) meters were randomly selected. In each plot, all the weeds met were identified as well as the herbicides used by the rice growers. Floristic surveys have identified 34 species divided between 30 genera and 15 families. The most represented families are the Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceaes and Amaranthaceae. A total of 14 herbicides have been identified and their choice by the rice grower is essentially guided by the experience of rice growers on their effectiveness. We have counted as for the herbicides used, 2,4-D amine salt and glyphosate because of their large spectrum of action on weeds.

Evaluation of thin film composite forward osmosis membranes: effect of polyamide preparation conditions

The forward osmosis (FO) process has been considered for desalination as a competitive option with respect to the traditional reverse osmosis process. The interfacial polymerization (IP) reaction between two monomers (i.e., m-phenylenediamine, MPD, and 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl chloride, TMC) is typically used to prepare the selective polyamide layer that prevents salts and allows water molecules to pass. In this research, we investigated the effect of preparation conditions (MPD contact time, TMC reaction time, and addition of an amine salt) on the FO performance in terms of water flux and salt flux. The results showed that increasing MPD contact time resulted in a significant increase in the water flux and salt flux. However, increasing TMC reaction time caused a decline in both the water flux and the salt flux. The optimum condition that gave the highest water flux (64 L m−2 h−1) was found to be as 5 min for MPD and 1 min for TMC. The addition of an amine salt of camphorsulfonic acid-triethylamine (CSA-TEA) was able to have an apparent effect on the FO process by increasing the water flux (74.5 L m−2 h−1).

Evaluation of Thin Film Composite Forward Osmosis Membranes: Effect of Polyamide Preparation Conditions

The forward osmosis (FO) process has been considered for desalination as a competitor option to the traditional reverse osmosis process. Interfacial polymerization (IP) reaction between two monomers (i.e., m-phenylene diamine (MPD) and 1, 3, 5-benzenetricarbonyl chloride (TMC)) is typically used to prepare the selective polyamide layer that prevents salts and allows water molecules to pass. In this research, we investigated the effect of preparation conditions (MPD contact time, TMC reaction time, and addition of an amine salt) on the FO performance in terms of water flux and salt flux. The results showed that increasing MPD contact time resulted in a significant increase in the water flux and salt flux. However, increasing TMC reaction time caused a decline in both the water flux and the salt flux. The optimum condition that gave the highest water flux was found to be as 5 min for MPD and 1 min for TMC. The addition of an amine salt of camphorsulfonic acid-triethylamine (CSA-TEA) was able to make an apparent effect on the FO process by increasing water flux.

Efficacy Trial of AgroSuper (2, 4-D Dimethyl Amine Salt 720G/L SL) on Sorghum Broad Leaf Weed

Sorghum is susceptible to weed competition at its early stage of growth. The aim of this efficacy trial was to ensure that candidate chemical AgroSuper verification on a selective and effective control of broad leaf weed on Sorghum, after sorghum germination. RCBD with three replication experiment was carried out in Humera area in Humera Agricultural Research Center and Desta Berhe farm during 2019 rainy growing season using sorghum variety called Brhan. Pre and post spray weed count were subjected to efficacy calculation. Finally, new product of herbicide, AgroSuper (2, 4-D dimethyl amine salt 720G/L SL) 1.5 liter using 200-liter water solution per hectare was shown better performance than the standard check Aura 72SL. Therefore, the new AgroSuper could be suggested as an alternative selective herbicide during post-emergency to kill broad leaf weeds of sorghum.

COMPARISON OF PREVENTIVE ACTION OF ANTIOXIDANTS UNDER PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO AMINE SALT OF 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID

The article describes the study on the effectiveness of remedies possessing antioxidant properties for chemoprevention of the consequences caused by pesticides toxic effects. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid derivatives, and namely, amine salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid are known as one of the most widely distributed compounds in agriculture. The activation of the free radical processes is considered as a universal mechanism of the damage to biological membranes during chronic intoxication by phenoxyacid derivatives. This work is aimed to compare the preventive effect of the synthetic and natural antioxidants under long-term exposure to the 2,4 - dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The experiment was performed on Wistar male rats, which received synthetic and natural antioxidants against the background of toxicant administration. Long-term effects of the pesticide caused the activation of the processes of free radical lipid peroxidation, reduced antioxidant supply and activity of antioxidant enzymes. The introduction of medicines with antioxidant properties helped to reduce the content of products of free radical processes, to inhibit the drop of body antioxidant supply and to normalize the activity of antioxidant enzymes. According to the experimental data obtained, the complex of natural antioxidants (tocopherol acetate, ascorbic acid and quercetin) has the most pronounced corrective properties. This enables us to recommend them for chemocorrection of pathological changes resulted from prolonged exposure to pesticides.