scholarly journals Non-residential water demand model validated with extensive measurements and surveys

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Pieterse-Quirijns ◽  
E. J. M. Blokker ◽  
E. van der Blom ◽  
J. H. G. Vreeburg
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Water System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Peak Demand ◽  
Demand Equations ◽  
Proper Estimation

Abstract. Existing Dutch guidelines for the design of the drinking water and hot water system of non-residential buildings are based on outdated assumptions on peak water demand or on unfounded assumptions on hot water demand. They generally overestimate peak demand values required for the design of an efficient and reliable water system. Recently, a procedure was developed based on the end-use model SIMDEUM to derive design-demand-equations for peak demand values of both cold and hot water during various time steps for several types and sizes of non-residential buildings, viz. offices, hotels and nursing homes. In this paper, the design-demand-equations are validated with measurements of cold and hot water patterns on a per second base and with surveys. The good correlation between the simulated water demand patterns and the measured patterns indicates that the basis of the design-demand-equations, the SIMDEUM simulated standardised buildings, is solid. Surveys were held to investigate whether the construction of the standardised buildings based on the dominant variable corresponds with practice. Surveys show that it is difficult to find relationships to equip the standardised buildings with users and appliances. However, the validation proves that with a proper estimation of the number of users and appliances in only the dominant functional room of the standardised buildings, SIMDEUM renders a realistic cold and hot water diurnal demand pattern. Furthermore, the new design-demand-equations based on these standardised buildings give a better prediction of the measured peak values for cold water flow than the existing guidelines. Moreover, the new design-demand-equations can predict hot water use well. In this paper it is illustrated that the new design-demand-equations lead to reliable and improved designs of building installations and water heater capacity, resulting in more hygienic and economical installations.

scholarly journals Non-residential water demand model validated with extensive measurements

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 455-471
Author(s):  
E. J. Pieterse-Quirijns ◽  
E. J. M. Blokker ◽  
E. van der Blom ◽  
J. H. G. Vreeburg
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Water System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Peak Demand ◽  
Design Rules ◽  
End Use

Abstract. Existing guidelines related to the water demand of non-residential buildings are outdated and do not cover hot water demand for the appropriate selection of hot water devices. Moreover, they generally overestimate peak demand values required for the design of an efficient and reliable water system. Recently, a procedure was developed based on the end-use model SIMDEUM® to derive design rules for peak demand values of both cold and hot water during various time steps for several types and sizes of non-residential buildings, i.e. offices, hotels and nursing homes. In this paper, the design rules are validated with measurements of cold and hot water patterns on a per second base. The good correlation between the simulated patterns and the measured patterns indicates that the basis of the design rules, the SIMDEUM simulated standardised buildings, is solid. Moreover, the SIMDEUM based rules give a better prediction of the measured peak values for cold water flow than the existing guidelines. Furthermore, the new design rules can predict hot water use well. In this paper it is illustrated that the new design rules lead to reliable and improved designs of building installations and water heater capacity, resulting in more hygienic and economical installations.

Chemistry of the Interfaces of an Electric Water Heater: Implications from an Input-Output Analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
Martin B. Hocking
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Copper Zinc

Abstract In a case study, this paper responds to increasing public interest in water quality issues by investigating chemical changes as water passes through a domestic water hot water system. Elemental changes were measured by simultaneous analysis of the incoming and outgoing water streams and the deposited sediment from an electric water heater tank. The results may alter some long-held beliefs. The collected and dried sediment from the tank was analyzed for thirty common elements by inductively coupled plasma and atomic absorption techniques. Of the 25 elements found, the dominant seven in order of concentration were magnesium, aluminum, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, and sodium, as well as some surprising traces of other elements. The cold water input and the heated output were also analyzed for thirteen measurable elements. In the heated water output, magnesium had a massive 151% increase in concentration, followed by much more modest increases shown by arsenic, calcium, lead, potassium, silicon, and strontium. None of these mass balance changes compromised the potability of the water. The six elements, aluminum, boron, copper, iron, manganese, and sodium, showed decreases in aqueous concentrations on heating, thereby improving the water quality.

A simple method for the eradication ofLegionella pneumophilafrom potable water systems

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1189-1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Moreno ◽  
Isabel de Blas ◽  
Francisca Miralles ◽  
David Apraiz ◽  
Vicente Catalan
Keyword(s):  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Simple Method

In this paper we describe a simple method, noncorrosive to pipes, for the eradication of Legionella pneumophila from potable water systems. This method is based on the systematic purging of the pipe networks with cold water containing 1 – 1.5 mg residual chlorine/L. In the hot water system, a new pipe bypassing the water heater was installed, whereas in the air conditioning system, the circuit is purged with water from the tap water system. The feasibility of this method was studied in two hotels in which the presence of Legionella was detected despite treatment of the water by the hyperchlorination method. The evolution of the presence of Legionella was studied by culture and polymerase chain reaction. Eighty samples from hotel A and sixty-seven samples from hotel B were analyzed during the time that the eradication method was applied. Our results showed that this method permitted the effective elimination of L. pneumophila after 5 months in hotel A and 7 months in hotel B.Key words: Legionella pneumophila, eradication.

scholarly journals Validation of Non-residential Cold and Hot Water Demand Model Assumptions

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 1334-1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.J. Pieterse-Quirijns ◽  
A.H. van Loon ◽  
H. Beverloo ◽  
E.J.M. Blokker ◽  
E. van der Blom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Demand Model

scholarly journals Evaluation of Legionella spp. Colonization in Residential Buildings Having Solar Thermal System for Hot Water Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 7050
Author(s):  
Michele Totaro ◽  
Anna Laura Costa ◽  
Lorenzo Frendo ◽  
Sara Profeti ◽  
Beatrice Casini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Systems Maintenance ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Cold Water Temperature

Despite an increase of literature data on Legionella spp. presence in private water systems, epidemiological reports assert a continuing high incidence of Legionnaires’ disease infection in Italy. In this study, we report a survey on Legionella spp. colonization in 58 buildings with solar thermal systems for hot water production (TB). In all buildings, Legionella spp. presence was enumerated in hot and cold water samples. Microbiological potability standards of cold water were also evaluated. Legionella spp. was detected in 40% of the buildings. Moreover, we detected correlations between the count of Legionella spp. and the presence of the optimal temperature for the microorganism growth (less than 40 °C). Our results showed that cold water was free from microbiological hazards, but Legionella spp., was detected when the mean cold water temperature was 19.1 ± 2.2 °C. This may considered close to the suboptimal value for the Legionella growth (more then 20 °C). In conclusion, we observed the presence of a Legionnaires’ disease risk and the need of some strategies aimed to reduce it, such as the application of training programs for all the workers involved in water systems maintenance.

The Solar Energy-Air Source Heat Pump Was Applied to the Hot Water System

2014 ◽  
Vol 587-589 ◽  
pp. 243-246
Author(s):  
Chu Ping Lu ◽  
Kai Ji
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Water System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Circulating Water ◽  
Air Source Heat Pump ◽  
Hot Water Supply ◽  
The City

This paper is as an example of the hot water supply of the hotel in the city,The design of the hot water system is the solar energy and the air source heat pump,includes:the selection calculation of the air source heat pump of the water heater , the selection and calculation of the solar collector,the determination of the thermal storage tank and the determination of the circulating water pump of heat collecting .

Thermal performance of a solar hot water system with plastic bag water heater array

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-431
Author(s):  
H.P. Garg ◽  
N.K. Bansal ◽  
D.S. Hrishikesan
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Water System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Plastic Bag

A New Performance Estimate Method for Design of Storage-Type Domestic Electrical Water-Heaters Based on the CFD Simulation

2010 ◽  
Vol 129-131 ◽  
pp. 463-466
Author(s):  
Li Li Zhao ◽  
Zhi Jun Zhang ◽  
Shi Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
New Method ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Water Heaters

The 3D physical model of the electrical water heater was built. The water-heater performance was resolved by computer fluid dynamics simulation (CFD). The heater performance is characterized by a new method rather than that the discharge efficiency, extraction efficiency and fraction of heat recoverable. The new method is based on the constant discharge water temperature and rate for end user, 5L/min and 43°C that include the hot water from EWH and cold water from outside EWH. But the water discharge rate from EWH was variable as the water temperature discharge from EWH was variable. Compared with the traditional method, it is more close to the user using reality condition.

The Device of the Automatic Backflow in Solar Water Heater-Temperature Control and Backflow for Pipe of Water Heater

2013 ◽  
Vol 827 ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
Bin Li ◽  
Xi Chen ◽  
Xin Hao Li ◽  
Lu Kuan Ma ◽  
Wen Bo Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Solar Water Heater ◽  
Recycle Water ◽  
Delay Effect ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Solar Water

Now in general use in solar water heater, there is a long pipeline between water heater and tap, we have to empty the stored cold water before we use the hot water; and usually the water cannot meet required temperature due to the heating delay effect, thus the water also should be emptied, which leads to a waste of water resources. In order to solve this water wastage, we propose a device which can help to control the temperature and backflow of the water in water heater. The device accomplishes backflow of cold water automatically under the effect of gravity, and refluxed water will be stored in the recycle-water tank, thus ensuring the result that the water temperature satisfies the requirement. After the recycle-water tank is full, it will trigger the buoy to control the relay switch, then the water pump start to work to force the water into the water heater tank. Thus, realizing the recycling of water. This device can significantly save water resources in domestic water, and it has a broad market prospect.

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