scholarly journals The fate of land evaporation - A global dataset

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Link ◽  
Ruud van der Ent ◽  
Markus Berger ◽  
Stephanie Eisner ◽  
Matthias Finkbeiner
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Land Cover Changes ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Grid Cells ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Tracking Model ◽  
Areas Of Interest

<p><span>Various studies investigated the fate of evaporation and the origin of precipitation. The more recent studies among them were often carried out with the help of numerical moisture tracking. Many research questions could be answered within this context such as dependencies of atmospheric moisture transfers between different regions, impacts of land cover changes on the hydrological cycle, sustainability related questions as well as questions regarding the seasonal and inter-annual variability of precipitation. In order to facilitate future applications, global datasets on the fate of evaporation and the sources of precipitation are needed. Since most studies are on a regional level and focus more on the sources of precipitation, the goal of this study is to provide a readily available global dataset on the fate of evaporation for a fine-meshed grid of source and receptor cells. The dataset was created through a global run of the numerical moisture tracking model WAM-2layers and focused on the fate of land evaporation. The tracking was conducted on a 1.5° × 1.5° grid and was based on reanalysis data from the ERA-Interim database. Climatic input data were incorporated in 3- respectively 6-hourly time steps and represent the time period from 2001 to 2018. Atmospheric moisture was tracked forward in time and the geographical borders of the model were located at +/- 79.5° latitude. As a result of the model run, the annual and monthly average as well as the inter-annual average fate of evaporation was determined for 8684 land grid cells (all land cells except those located within Greenland and Antarctica) and provided via source-receptor matrices. The gained dataset was complemented via an aggregation to country and basin scales in order to highlight possible usages for areas of interest larger than grid cells. This resulted in data for 265 countries and 8223 basins. Finally, five types of source-receptor matrices for average moisture transfers were chosen to build the core of the dataset: land grid cell to grid cell, country to grid cell, basin to grid cell, country to country, basin to basin. The dataset is, to our knowledge, the first ready-to-download dataset providing the overall fate of evaporation for land cells of a global fine-meshed grid in monthly resolution. At the same time, information on the sources of precipitation can be extracted from it. It could be used for investigations into average annual, seasonal and inter-annual sink and source regions of atmospheric moisture from land masses for most of the regions in the world and shows various application possibilities for studying interactions between people and water such as land cover changes or human water consumption patterns. The dataset is accessible under <a href="https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.908705%20">https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.908705</a></span><span>  and comes along with example scripts for reading and plotting.   </span></p>

scholarly journals The fate of land evaporation – A global dataset

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Link ◽  
Ruud van der Ent ◽  
Markus Berger ◽  
Stephanie Eisner ◽  
Matthias Finkbeiner
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Land Cover Changes ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Grid Cells ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Tracking Model ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Abstract. Various studies investigated the fate of evaporation and the origin of precipitation. The more recent studies among them were often carried out with the help of numerical moisture tracking. Many research questions could be answered within this context such as dependencies of atmospheric moisture transfers between different regions, impacts of land cover changes on the hydrological cycle, sustainability related questions as well as questions regarding the seasonal and inter-annual variability of precipitation. In order to facilitate future applications, global datasets on the fate of evaporation and the sources of precipitation are needed. Since most studies are on a regional level and focus more on the sources of precipitation, the goal of this study is to provide a readily available global dataset on the fate of evaporation for a fine-meshed grid of source and receptor cells. The dataset was created through a global run of the numerical moisture tracking model WAM-2layers and focused on the fate of land evaporation. The tracking was conducted on a 1.5° × 1.5° grid and was based on reanalysis data from the ERA-Interim database. Climatic input data were incorporated in 3- respectively 6-hourly time steps and represent the time period from 2001 to 2018. Atmospheric moisture was tracked forward in time and the geographical borders of the model were located at +/- 79.5° latitude. As a result of the model run, the annual and monthly average as well as the inter-annual average fate of evaporation was determined for 8684 land grid cells (all land cells except those located within Greenland and Antarctica) and provided via source-receptor matrices. The gained dataset was complemented via an aggregation to country and basin scales in order to highlight possible usages for areas of interest larger than grid cells. This resulted in data for 265 countries and 8223 basins. Finally, five types of source-receptor matrices for average moisture transfers were chosen to build the core of the dataset: land grid cell to grid cell, country to grid cell, basin to grid cell, country to country, basin to basin. The dataset is, to our knowledge, the first ready-to-download dataset providing the overall fate of evaporation for land cells of a global fine-meshed grid in monthly resolution. At the same time, information on the sources of precipitation can be extracted from it. It could be used for investigations into average annual, seasonal and inter-annual sink and source regions of atmospheric moisture from land masses for most of the regions in the world and shows various application possibilities for studying interactions between people and water such as land cover changes or human water consumption patterns. The dataset is accessible under https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.908705 (Link et al., 2019a) and comes along with example scripts for reading and plotting.

scholarly journals The fate of land evaporation – a global dataset

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1897-1912
Author(s):  
Andreas Link ◽  
Ruud van der Ent ◽  
Markus Berger ◽  
Stephanie Eisner ◽  
Matthias Finkbeiner
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Land Cover Changes ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Grid Cells ◽  
Accounting Model ◽  
Tracking Model ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Abstract. Various studies investigated the fate of evaporation and the origin of precipitation. The more recent studies among them were often carried out with the help of numerical moisture tracking. Many research questions could be answered within this context, such as dependencies of atmospheric moisture transfers between different regions, impacts of land cover changes on the hydrological cycle, sustainability-related questions, and questions regarding the seasonal and interannual variability of precipitation. In order to facilitate future applications, global datasets on the fate of evaporation and the sources of precipitation are needed. Since most studies are on a regional level and focus more on the sources of precipitation, the goal of this study is to provide a readily available global dataset on the fate of evaporation for a fine-meshed grid of source and receptor cells. The dataset was created through a global run of the numerical moisture tracking model Water Accounting Model-2layers (WAM-2layers) and focused on the fate of land evaporation. The tracking was conducted on a 1.5∘×1.5∘ grid and was based on reanalysis data from the ERA-Interim database. Climatic input data were incorporated in 3- to 6-hourly time steps and represent the time period from 2001 to 2018. Atmospheric moisture was tracked forward in time and the geographical borders of the model were located at ±79.5∘ latitude. As a result of the model run, the annual, the monthly and the interannual average fate of evaporation were determined for 8684 land grid cells (all land cells except those located within Greenland and Antarctica) and provided via source–receptor matrices. The gained dataset was complemented via an aggregation to country and basin scales in order to highlight possible usages for areas of interest larger than grid cells. This resulted in data for 265 countries and 8223 basins. Finally, five types of source–receptor matrices for average moisture transfers were chosen to build the core of the dataset: land grid cell to grid cell, country to grid cell, basin to grid cell, country to country, basin to basin. The dataset is, to our knowledge, the first ready-to-download dataset providing the overall fate of evaporation for land cells of a global fine-meshed grid in monthly resolution. At the same time, information on the sources of precipitation can be extracted from it. It could be used for investigations into average annual, seasonal, and interannual sink and source regions of atmospheric moisture from land masses for most of the regions in the world and shows various application possibilities for studying interactions between people and water, such as land cover changes or human water consumption patterns. The dataset is accessible under https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.908705 (Link et al., 2019a) and comes along with example scripts for reading and plotting the data.

Moisture recycling in five different regions with Mediterranean climates around the world

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanda Theeuwen ◽  
Obbe Tuinenburg ◽  
Arie Staal ◽  
Bert Hamelers ◽  
Stefan Dekker
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Land Cover Changes ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Moisture Recycling ◽  
The World ◽  
Mediterranean Regions

<p>Weather extremes are predicted to be more intense and recurrent in the future because of climate change. Previous studies show that Mediterranean regions around the world are especially vulnerable to extreme events that depend on the hydrological cycle, such as droughts and floods. Land use and land cover changes may enhance these events, as they influence the exchange of moisture and energy between the land surface and atmosphere. To better understand the role of extremes in a future climate, we need to improve our understanding of the impact of climate change on the terrestrial hydrological cycle. Atmospheric transport of moisture is an important element of this cycle as it determines the allocation of evaporated moisture. We are especially interested in the sink-source relations. So, how land contributes to the moisture recycling over land further away, and the origin of the precipitation over, the so-called precipitation-shed. Tuinenburg et al. (2020) recently published a dataset with high-resolution global atmospheric moisture connections from evaporation to precipitation, allowing novel detailed insight. We used this dataset to study temporal variability in atmospheric moisture connections for five different regions with Mediterranean climates. We investigated the dependency of different Mediterranean regions on local and remote moisture sources, and how this dependency varies throughout the year. Large differences in the spatial pattern of moisture recycling over land showed to exist between the Mediterranean regions on the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. Additionally, of all regions, the Mediterranean Basin shows the largest temporal variability. This information is essential to study how local changes in land use and land cover have and will further affect the hydrological cycle in local and remote regions. This helps us to understand how climate extremes could change in the future as a result of land use and land cover changes.  </p><p> </p><p>Tuinenburg, O. A., Theeuwen, J. J. E., and Staal, A. Global evaporation to precipitation flows obtained with Lagrangian atmospheric moisture tracking, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.912710, 2020.</p>

scholarly journals Predicting Land Cover Change in the Mamminasata Area, Indonesia, to Evaluate the Spatial Plan

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 481
Author(s):  
Andi Muhammad Yasser Hakim ◽  
Masayuki Matsuoka ◽  
Sumbangan Baja ◽  
Dorothea Agnes Rampisela ◽  
Samsu Arif
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Land Cover Changes ◽  
Statistical Validation ◽  
Development Zone ◽  
Composite Support ◽  
The Government ◽  
Overlapping Method ◽  
Spatial Plan

The spatial plan program for Makassar City and the surrounding area called Mamminasata (Makassar, Maros, Sungguminasa, and Takalar) was created by the Indonesian Government. The program regulates the proportion of land cover, but predictions about land cover changes were not considered. Therefore, in this study, we predict what the land cover may be in 2031 using the multi-layer perceptron neural network and the Markov chain methods. For this purpose, image composite, support vector machine classifier, and change detection were applied to a time series of satellite data. Visual validation showed the hot-spots of land cover changes related to population density, and statistical validation scored 0.99 and 0.78 in no information kappa and grid-cell level location kappa, respectively. The model was performed to predict land cover in 2031, and the predicted result was then compared with the spatial plan using an overlapping method. The results showed that built-up area, dryland agriculture, and wetland agriculture occupied two, twenty, and eight percent of the protected zone, respectively. Meanwhile, fifteen percent of the development zone was covered by forest, mainly in the eastern part of Mamminasata. The result can be used to help the Government decide future plans for the Mamminasata area.

scholarly journals Climate or land cover variations: what is driving observed changes in river peak flows? A data-based attribution study

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 871-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan De Niel ◽  
Patrick Willems
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Land Cover Changes ◽  
Climate Variations ◽  
Peak Flows ◽  
Catchment Characteristics ◽  
Flows Over Time

Abstract. Climate change and land cover changes are influencing the hydrological regime of rivers worldwide. In Flanders (Belgium), the intensification of the hydrological cycle caused by climate change is projected to cause more flooding in winters, and land use and land cover changes could amplify these effects by, for example, making runoff on paved surfaces faster. The relative importance of both drivers, however, is still uncertain, and interaction effects between both drivers are not yet well understood. In order to better understand the hydrological impact of climate variations and land cover changes, including their interaction effects, we fitted a statistical model for historical data over 3 decades for 29 catchments in Flanders. The model is able to explain 60 % of the changes in river peak flows over time. It was found that catchment characteristics explain up to 18 % of changes in river peak flows, 6 % of changes in climate variability and 8 % of land cover changes. Steep catchments and catchments with a high proportion of loamic soils are subject to higher peak flows, and an increase in urban area of 1 % might cause increases in river peak flows up to 5 %. Interactions between catchment characteristics, climate variations and land cover changes explain up to 32 % of the peak-flow changes, where flat catchments with a low loamic soil content are more sensitive to land cover changes with respect to peak-flow anomalies. This shows the importance of including such interaction terms in data-based attribution studies.

scholarly journals High-resolution global atmospheric moisture connections from evaporation to precipitation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Obbe A. Tuinenburg ◽  
Jolanda J. E. Theeuwen ◽  
Arie Staal
Keyword(s):  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Moisture Recycling ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Complete Dataset ◽  
Global Land ◽  
Land Recycling ◽  
Tracking Model

Abstract. A key Earth system process is the circulation of evaporated moisture through the atmosphere. Spatial connections between evaporation and precipitation affect the global and regional climates by redistributing water and latent heat. Through this atmospheric moisture recycling, land-cover changes influence regional precipitation patterns, with potentially far-reaching effects on human livelihoods and biome distributions across the globe. However, a globally complete dataset of atmospheric moisture flows from evaporation to precipitation has been lacking so far. Here we present a dataset of global atmospheric moisture recycling on both 0.5° and 1.0° spatial resolution. We simulated the moisture flows between each pair of cells across all land and oceans for 2008–2017 and present their monthly climatological means. We applied the Lagrangian moisture tracking model UTrack, which is forced with ERA5 reanalysis data on 25 atmospheric layers and hourly wind speeds and directions. Due to the global coverage of the simulations, a complete picture of both the upwind source areas of precipitation and downwind target areas of evaporation can be obtained. We show a number of statistics of global atmospheric moisture flows: land recycling, basin recycling, mean latitudinal and longitudinal flows, absolute latitudinal and longitudinal flows, and basin recycling for the 26 largest river basins. We find that, on average, 70 % of global land evaporation rains down over land, varying between 62 % and 74 % across the year; 51 % of global land precipitation has evaporated from land, varying between 36 % and 57 % across the year. Highest basin recycling occurs in the Amazon and Congo basins, with evaporation and precipitation recycling of 63 % and 36 % for the Amazon basin and 60 % and 47 % for the Congo basin. These statistics are examples of the potential usage of the dataset, which allows users to identify and quantify the moisture flows from and to any area on Earth, from local to global scales. The dataset is available at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.912710 (Tuinenburg et al., 2020).

scholarly journals Climate or land cover variations: what is driving observed changes in river peak flows? A data-based attribution study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan De Niel ◽  
Patrick Willems
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Land Cover Changes ◽  
Peak Flows ◽  
Catchment Characteristics ◽  
Interaction Terms

Abstract. Climate change and land cover changes are influencing the hydrological regime of our rivers. The intensification of the hydrological cycle caused by climate change is projected to cause more flooding in winters and an increased urbanization could amplify these effects by a quicker runoff on paved surfaces. The relative importance of both drivers, however, is still uncertain and interaction effects between both drivers are not yet well understood. In order to better understand the hydrological impact of climate variability and land cover changes, including their interaction effects, we fitted a statistical model to historical data over 3 decades for 29 catchments in Flanders, covering various catchment characteristics. It was found that the catchment characteristics explain up to 18 % of changes in river peak flows, climate variability 6 % and land cover changes 8 %. Interaction terms explain up to 32 %. An increase in urban area of +1 % might cause increases in river peak flows up to +5 %.

scholarly journals High-resolution global atmospheric moisture connections from evaporation to precipitation

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 3177-3188
Author(s):  
Obbe A. Tuinenburg ◽  
Jolanda J. E. Theeuwen ◽  
Arie Staal
Keyword(s):  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Moisture Recycling ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Complete Dataset ◽  
Global Land ◽  
Land Recycling ◽  
Tracking Model

Abstract. A key Earth system process is the circulation of evaporated moisture through the atmosphere. Spatial connections between evaporation and precipitation affect the global and regional climates by redistributing water and latent heat. Through this atmospheric moisture recycling, land cover changes influence regional precipitation patterns, with potentially far-reaching effects on human livelihoods and biome distributions across the globe. However, a globally complete dataset of atmospheric moisture flows from evaporation to precipitation has been lacking so far. Here we present a dataset of global atmospheric moisture recycling on both 0.5∘ and 1.0∘ spatial resolution. We simulated the moisture flows between each pair of cells across all land and oceans for 2008–2017 and present their monthly climatological means. We applied the Lagrangian moisture tracking model UTrack, which is forced with ERA5 reanalysis data on 25 atmospheric layers and hourly wind speeds and directions. Due to the global coverage of the simulations, a complete picture of both the upwind source areas of precipitation and downwind target areas of evaporation can be obtained. We show a number of statistics of global atmospheric moisture flows: land recycling, basin recycling, mean latitudinal and longitudinal flows, absolute latitudinal and longitudinal flows, and basin recycling for the 26 largest river basins. We find that, on average, 70 % of global land evaporation rains down over land, varying between 62 % and 74 % across the year; 51 % of global land precipitation has evaporated from land, varying between 36 % and 57 % across the year. The highest basin recycling occurs in the Amazon and Congo basins, with evaporation and precipitation recycling of 63 % and 36 % for the Amazon basin and 60 % and 47 % for the Congo basin. These statistics are examples of the potential usage of the dataset, which allows users to identify and quantify the moisture flows from and to any area on Earth, from local to global scales. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.912710 (Tuinenburg et al., 2020).

scholarly journals Examining the competing effects of contemporary land management vs. land cover changes on global air quality

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 16479-16497
Author(s):  
Anthony Y. H. Wong ◽  
Jeffrey A. Geddes
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Land Cover Changes ◽  
Land System ◽  
Time Period ◽  
System Changes ◽  
Emission Changes ◽  
Surface O3

Abstract. Our work explores the impact of two important dimensions of land system changes, land use and land cover change (LULCC) as well as direct agricultural reactive nitrogen (Nr) emissions from soils, on ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in terms of air quality over contemporary (1992 to 2014) timescales. We account for LULCC and agricultural Nr emissions changes with consistent remote sensing products and new global emission inventories respectively estimating their impacts on global surface O3 and PM2.5 concentrations as well as Nr deposition using the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model. Over this time period, our model results show that agricultural Nr emission changes cause a reduction of annual mean PM2.5 levels over Europe and northern Asia (up to −2.1 µg m−3) while increasing PM2.5 levels in India, China and the eastern US (up to +3.5 µg m−3). Land cover changes induce small reductions in PM2.5 (up to −0.7 µg m−3) over Amazonia, China and India due to reduced biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and enhanced deposition of aerosol precursor gases (e.g., NO2, SO2). Agricultural Nr emission changes only lead to minor changes (up to ±0.6 ppbv) in annual mean surface O3 levels, mainly over China, India and Myanmar. Meanwhile, our model result suggests a stronger impact of LULCC on surface O3 over the time period across South America; the combination of changes in dry deposition and isoprene emissions results in −0.8 to +1.2 ppbv surface ozone changes. The enhancement of dry deposition reduces the surface ozone level (up to −1 ppbv) over southern China, the eastern US and central Africa. The enhancement of soil NO emission due to crop expansion also contributes to surface ozone changes (up to +0.6 ppbv) over sub-Saharan Africa. In certain regions, the combined effects of LULCC and agricultural Nr emission changes on O3 and PM2.5 air quality can be comparable (>20 %) to anthropogenic emission changes over the same time period. Finally, we calculate that the increase in global agricultural Nr emissions leads to a net increase in global land area (+3.67×106km2) that potentially faces exceedance of the critical Nr load (>5 kg N ha−1 yr−1). Our result demonstrates the impacts of contemporary LULCC and agricultural Nr emission changes on PM2.5 and O3 in terms of air quality, as well as the importance of land system changes for air quality over multidecadal timescales.

The ‘global tree restoration potential’: a first estimation of the hydrological effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne J. Hoek van Dijke ◽  
Imme Benedict ◽  
Kaniska Mallick ◽  
Martin Herold ◽  
Miriam Machwitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Local Maximum ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Moisture Recycling ◽  
Restoration Potential ◽  
Tracking Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hydrological Effects

<p>Vegetation plays an important role in the exchange of water between the land surface and the atmosphere through evaporation and redistribution of water. Hence, changes in vegetation cover alter the terrestrial hydrological cycle. Large-scale forest restoration is an effective climate change mitigation strategy through carbon sequestration and is expected to impact the water availability. A better understanding of the impact of reforestation is needed, given the numerous different reforestation missions.</p><p>Our study aims to provide an estimation of the hydrological effects of 900 million hectares of reforestation, called the ‘<em>global tree restoration potential</em>’ (Bastin et al., 2019). We include the effects of forest planting on evaporation and moisture recycling, where evaporation effects local water availability, and moisture recycling effects both local and remote water availability. We used the conventional Budyko’s moisture index framework to calculate the effects of reforestation on evaporation, and afterwards we used the UTrack dataset to calculate the changes in precipitation. The UTrack dataset presents the monthly climatological mean atmospheric moisture flows from evaporation to precipitation and is created using the Lagrangian moisture tracking model UTrack (Tuinenburg et al., 2020).</p><p>The results show that reforesting the ‘<em>global tree restoration potential</em>’ would effect water availability for most of the Earth’s surface. The global mean increase in terrestrial evaporation is 8 mm yr<sup>-1</sup>. The increase in evaporation is highest around the equator (on average 20 mm yr<sup>-1</sup>), with local maximum changes of up to 200 mm yr<sup>-1</sup>. This is related to a relatively high restoration potential in low latitude areas, and a generally large evaporation response in high precipitation regions. Enhanced moisture recycling has the potential to partly compensate for this decreased water availability by increasing the downwind precipitation.</p><p> </p><p>Bastin, J.-F., Finegold, Y., Garcia, C., Mollicone, D., Rezende, M., Routh, D., Zohner, C.M., Crowther, T.W. The global tree restoration potential. Science, 365, 76-79, http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax0848, 2019.</p><p>Tuinenburg, O. A., Theeuwen, J. J. E., and Staal, A.: High-resolution global atmospheric moisture connections from evaporation to precipitation, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3177–3188, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3177-2020, 2020.</p>

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