Morphology in time and space: how does shape change with sequence stratigraphic architecture?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Sclafani ◽  
Max Christie ◽  
Marjean Cone ◽  
Brooke Roselle ◽  
Audrey Bourne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Morphological Form ◽  
Sequence Stratigraphic ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
Subtidal Environment ◽  
Stratigraphic Architecture ◽  
The Impact

<p>In their seminal work on stratigraphic paleobiology, Patzkowsky and Holland highlighted the need for more morphological data that are placed within a stratigraphic context in order to more robustly study the impact of environmental change on morphological disparity. The ability to collect morphological data within sequence stratigraphic architecture has been limited by technique. As a result, most morphological data are collected from museum specimens, usually without sequence stratigraphic information. We used the photogrammetry technique, Structure-from-Motion, to collect brachiopod morphological data from outcrops in the Late Ordovician Cincinnati Arch (Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky; USA) and quantify morphological change within an established sequence stratigraphic architecture.</p><p>SfM uses 2D photographs taken from different angles to reconstruct a 3D shape. We photographed external valves of brachiopods in the field in 360 degrees (approximately 24 photos per specimen) and used the SfM software ‘Agisoft Metashape’ to make 3D models of those specimens. We exported these models into R and used the package ‘geomorph’ to generate a set of semi-landmarks. We used these to create a morphospace to explore the effects of environment and time on 3D shape.</p><p>Results indicate that brachiopod shells separate in morphospace according to their degree of inflation and roundness. These differences are likely controlled by environmental conditions at each position along a water depth gradient. Additionally, our results are consistent with the previously observed breakdown of the environmental gradient in response to the Richmondian invasion. In particular, for the genera <em>Rafinesquina</em> and <em>Cincinitina</em>, pre-invasion specimens inhabit a larger proportion of morphospace, with more specimens exhibiting an ovular outline. Post-invasion specimens contract in morphospace, exhibiting a more rectangular shape. However, <em>Cincinitina</em> is missing from the offshore environment in the C2 sequence and the deep subtidal environment in the C5 sequence, making it difficult to distinguish the effects of invasion from ecophenotypic variation.</p><p>Ultimately, our study demonstrates that SfM makes gathering 3D morphological data from the field possible. Because this is a low-cost and easily accessible method, possibilities of applying it more broadly within paleobiology abound. Further development of this technique will not only provide a better understanding of the distribution of morphological form within stratigraphic architecture, but also increase the quantity of morphological data from key intervals throughout the Phanerozoic. These data can be stored as a digital archive that could facilitate large-scale meta-analyses as well as education and outreach activities.</p>

scholarly journals Modelling key market impacts and land allocation for biofuel production and forestry

2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
A. Korobeinikov ◽  
P. Read ◽  
A. Parshotam ◽  
J. Lermit
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Levels ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

It has been suggested that the large scale use of biofuel, that is, fuel derived from biological materials, especially in combination with reforestation of large areas, can lead to a low-cost reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. In this paper, a model of three markets: fuel, wood products, and land are considered with the aim of evaluating the impact of large scale biofuel production and forestry on these markets, and to estimate the cost of a policy aimed at the reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It is shown that the costs are lower than had been previously expected.

Seismic-Scale Geometries and Sequence-Stratigraphic Architecture of Early Cretaceous Syn-Post Rift Carbonate Systems, Presalt Section, Brazil

2020 ◽  
pp. SP509-2019-78
Author(s):  
M. Minzoni ◽  
A. Cantelli ◽  
J. Thornton ◽  
B. Wignall
Keyword(s):  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
Bottom Topography ◽  
Seismic Facies ◽  
Carbonate Production ◽  
Sequence Stratigraphic ◽  
Stratigraphic Architecture ◽  
Platform Margin ◽  
Lacustrine Carbonate ◽  
Sequence Boundaries ◽  
The Impact

AbstractRegional and detailed seismic stratigraphic analyses of Early Cretaceous (Aptian) presalt carbonate sections from offshore Brazil reveal the complex stratigraphic architecture of late- and post-rift lacustrine carbonate systems. The lateral and vertical distribution of calibrated seismic facies within this framework highlights the evolution through time of the carbonate system and bathymetry of the host lacustrine basin. Despite the simple, largely abiotic and microbial components, lacustrine carbonate accumulations formed complex geometries that closely resemble those observed from marine systems, suggesting that a downward tapering carbonate production profile must have occurred. The complexity of the stratigraphic architecture reflects lateral variations in subsidence patterns combined with the interference of the basement topography, palaeo-wind directions, and basinal filling patterns. Well-imaged clinoforms several hundred meters high attest to both the existence of significant lake-bottom topography, locally in excess of 800 meters, and the occurrence of deep water at time of deposition. Platform margin trajectory and vertical and lateral architecture of clinoform packages through time reveal distinct sequence boundaries that can be correlated in detail only locally, demonstrating the impact of syndepositional tectonics, and possibly recurrent isolation of smaller lakes during lowstands. Depositional models from this study fill a gap in current understanding of lacustrine carbonate systems and offer a template for exploration and appraisal of the presalt play.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen F. Steinberg ◽  
Jack H. Prost
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
The State ◽  
Food Preparation ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Economic Practices ◽  
The Impact

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book explores the state, shape, change, and evolution of Midwestern Jewish cuisine through time. It tracks geographically based culinary recipes and changes made to them through time by presenting and analyzing ones from Midwestern Jewish sources, both kosher and non-kosher. It documents the availability of fruits, vegetables, and other comestibles throughout the Midwest that impacted how and what Jews cooked; and considers the effect of improved preservation and transportation on rural and urban Jewish foodways. Then, it examines the impact on Jewish foodways—the cultural, social, and economic practices relating to the production and consumption of food—of large-scale immigration, relocation, and Americanization efforts during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, paying special attention to the attempts of social and culinary reformers to modify traditional Jewish food preparation and ingredients.

scholarly journals Benefit and performance impact analysis of using hydrogen fuel cell powered e-taxi system on A320 class airliner

2019 ◽  
Vol 123 (1261) ◽  
pp. 378-397
Author(s):  
J. A. Stockford ◽  
C. Lawson ◽  
Z. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel Cell ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the work carried out to evaluate the benefits and performance impacts of introducing a hydrogen fuel cell powered electric taxiing system to a conventional short-haul aircraft. Tasks carried out in this research and reported in this paper include the initial system design, hydrogen tank initial sizing, calculation of the impact on fuel burn and emissions and the evaluation of the effects on Direct Operating Cost (DOC). The Airbus A320 has been selected as the datum aircraft for sizing the system, and the benefits analysis is particularly focused on the fleet composition and financial data of a Europe-based, low-cost, large-scale A320 family operator in 2016. The maximum power capacity of 400 kW has been sized based on the rolling friction coefficient of 0.02. Based on the operator’s 2016 financial, up to 1% fuel reduction can be achieved using the proposed system and the reduction in total maintenance cost is expected to be up to 7.3%. Additionally, up to 5.97% net profit improvement is estimated in comparison with the annual after-tax profit of the datum operator in 2016.

scholarly journals The Concept of Minimalist Interventions in General Medicine: Minimum Means, Maximum Effect

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Jose Luis Turabian
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioner ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Patient Relationship ◽  
Doctor Patient Relationship ◽  
Less Is More ◽  
The Impact

Practical work requires deepening in the theory. In this way, the intention of this article is to systematize the concept of "minimal interventions", as well as draw attention to the impact that this type of interventions of the general practitioner can have on the patient, however small and insignificant, their action may seem. The doctor-patient relationship creates contexts that act, in one way or another, on the patient. There is no absence of medical intervention, even when there is no conscious intervention of the doctor on the patient. Non-intervention is a type of intervention. Non-intervention is a bio-fiction. The different types of doctor-patient relationship give rise, naturally, perhaps imperceptibly, to different models of educational intervention. In this scenario, a conceptualization and systematization of the "micro-interventions" in general medicine is presented: minimal, imperceptible, briefs, low cost, zen, human size, opportunistic, small and mild, but continuous interventions. These micro-interventions are cost-effective no matter how small and insignificant their action seems. These minimal interventions of the general practitioner are of great importance and constitute an updated form of the "less is more" rationalist, they express the power of the minimum gesture in general / family medicine, and can transform health / disease on a large scale. In this way we can hypothesize a plausible relationship between the minimal but concentrated and powerful means, that is to say "contextualized", and the intensity of the effect in general medicine. The clarity of the reading of a message depends on the appreciation of the context; what counts is not what, but how. The context highlights or "pulls" the message. Many small people, in small places, doing small things, can change the world.

scholarly journals Techno-economic analysis for manufacturing cross-laminated timber

BioResources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 7790-7804
Author(s):  
Kristin Brandt ◽  
Alex Wilson ◽  
Donald Bender ◽  
James D. Dolan ◽  
Michael P. Wolcott
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Cross Laminated Timber ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a bio-based building material that enables rapid construction and buildings with low embodied energy. Despite its comparative maturity in European markets, relatively little information regarding process design and economics for the manufacture of cross-laminated timber is available in the literature. Two techno-economic analyses were conducted to quantify the mill-gate cost of cross-laminated timber. The cross-laminated timber manufacturing process was described, and costs were analyzed for two facility scales. Cross-laminated timber produced at the large-scale facility using lumber priced at an average value for the northwest United States has a minimum selling price of $536/m3. Sensitivity analyses were used to define the impact of plant size, asset utilization, lumber price, plant capital cost, material waste, and other variables on minimum selling price. The cost of cross laminated timber rises quickly when a facility is not fully utilized. The second-ranking cost controlling variable is lumber price, while energy prices have minimal influence. The price of cross laminated timber can be optimized by locating a facility near low-cost lumber. The lowest-price region analyzed was the southeast United States using Southern Pine, which reduced the cost of cross laminated timber to $518/m3.

scholarly journals Assessing the impact of different grouping methods: time to rethink and regroup?

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Randall ◽  
Anna Ferrante ◽  
Adrian Brown ◽  
James Boyd ◽  
James Semmens
Keyword(s):  
Record Linkage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Administrative Records ◽  
Grouping Strategy ◽  
Grouping Strategies ◽  
Linkage Quality ◽  
One To One ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT ObjectivesThe grouping of record-pairs to determine which administrative records belong to the same individual is an important process in record linkage. A variety of grouping methods are used but the relative benefits of each are unknown. We evaluate a number of grouping methods against the traditional merge based clustering approach using large scale administrative data. ApproachThe research aimed to both describe current grouping techniques used for record linkage, and to evaluate the most appropriate grouping method for specific circumstances. A range of grouping strategies were applied to three datasets with known truth sets. Conditions were simulated to appropriately investigate one-to-one, many-to-one and ongoing linkage scenarios. ResultsResults suggest alternate grouping methods will yield large benefits in linkage quality, especially when the quality of the underlying repository is high. Stepwise grouping methods were clearly superior for one-to-one linkage. There appeared little difference in linkage quality between many-to-one grouping approaches. The most appropriate techniques for ongoing linkage depended on the quality of the population spine and the underlying dataset. ConclusionsThese results demonstrate the large effect that the choice of grouping strategy can have on overall linkage quality. Ongoing linkages to high quality population spines provide large improvements in linkage quality compared to merge based linkages. Procuring or developing such a population spine will provide high linkage quality at far lower cost than current methods for improving linkage quality. By improving linkage quality at low cost, this resource can be further utilised by health researchers.

Menu design approaches to promote sustainable vegetarian food choices when dining out

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth Parkin ◽  
Sophie Attwood
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Dietary Choices ◽  
Menu Design ◽  
Educational Campaigns ◽  
The Impact

Shifting dietary choices towards plant-based food is an urgent challenge given the environmental impact of livestock production and imminent need to reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Previous research has proven the value of low cost, scalable menu design interventions to influence people’s food choices, without the need for large-scale educational campaigns. Here we present two online randomized control trials to determine the effectiveness of menu design on nudging participants’ food choices away from meat and towards plant-based dishes, in order to provide guidance to the food service sector. In study one we explore the impact that the availability of vegetarian items has on choice. Participants were allocated to menus whereby 75%, 50% or 25% of the items were plant-based. We show that meat eaters were significantly more likely to choose a plant-based meal when presented with a menu where 75% of options were vegetarian, but not when half of the options were vegetarian. This finding highlights the fact that saturating the choice environment is needed to promote plant-based food. In study two, we explore the impact of vegetarian symbols (V) on menus to determine if these are used by meat eaters as exclusion decision filters, as is seen in previous work with menus that contain designated, ‘vegetarian’ dish sections. Here we show that the placement of the V symbol, to the left or right of the dish label, has no impact on choice. These studies provide insights into how the environmental footprint of the food service sector can be reduced via easy and scalable menu design approaches.

Nanomedicine as a Newly Emerging Approach Against Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB)

2017 ◽  
pp. 50-73
Author(s):  
Muthupandian Saravanan ◽  
Kebret Duche ◽  
Tsehaye Asmelash ◽  
Araya Gebreyesus ◽  
Anima Nanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
The Impact

Emergence of MDR-TB is highly associated with morbidity and mortality and it needs high concerns about the possibility of a future TB epidemic as limited therapeutic options are available. The current treatment against TB needs daily administration for at least 6 months. That in turn leads to the development and spread of drug-resistant TB. Plenty of work has been done in nanomedicine that provides hope to encounter TB effectively. In the developing world the development of nanoparticle-based aerosol vaccines for tuberculosis has potential applications using on a large scale at relatively low cost, and particularly attractive for use. This book review examines the current TB diagnostic assays and treatment by nanotechnologies and highlight recent advances in Anti-TB Drug (ATD) delivery systems and anti-TB drug encapsulation. It also discusses the impact of the nanoparticles as an emerging treatment against MDR-TB and discusses the current knowledge and potential nanomedicine to improve MDR-TB therapy.

An Intelligent Grid Network Based on Cloud Computing Infrastructures

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh Annamalai ◽  
Udendhran R. ◽  
Vimal S.
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Companies ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Green Power ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Grid Operators ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dramatic Growth

This chapter covers important topics in development of efficient energy girds. Inefficient power generation, unbalanced consumption patterns that lead to underutilization of expensive infrastructure on the one hand, and severe overload on the other, as well as urgent issues of national and global concern such as power system security and climate change are all driving this evolution. As the smart grid concept matures, we'll see dramatic growth in green power production: small production devices such as wind turbines and solar panels or solar farms, which have fluctuating capacity outside of the control of grid operators. Small companies that specialize in producing power under just certain conditions will boom in forthcoming years. Energy is stored in the storage during low-cost periods, and the stored energy is used during high-cost periods to avoid the expensive draw from the grid. The authors evaluate the impact of large-scale energy storage adoption on grid electricity demand.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document