The anthropogenic environmental impacts and changes in the tropical Atlantic - a high resolution Cuban coral time series over 154 years

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Harbott ◽  
Henry Wu ◽  
Henning Kuhnert ◽  
Simone Kasemann ◽  
Anette Meixner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Seawater Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Ph Scale ◽  
Natural Archive ◽  
Natural Climate

<p>Changes in the surface ocean pH and temperature caused by the uptake of anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> are posing a threat to calcifying marine organisms. Recent studies have observed significant impacts on coral reef ecosystems with impaired carbonate skeletal growth and decreased calcification due to acidifying oceans. In situ measurements from buoys, ships, and remote observations by satellite of sea surface temperature, salinity, and ocean’s carbonate chemistry are sparse and only date back a few decades. The current coverage of observations for the northwestern Cuban coastal waters provides hence an incomplete picture of natural climate variability over interannual to interdecadal timescales, showing the need for high resolution climate archives.</p><p>Cuba is situated between densely populated landmasses of North and South America offering a unique environment to study multiple aspects of anthropogenic activity across the region as well as their interconnectivity.</p><p>A massive coral, <em>Siderastrea siderea</em>, from Cuba’s northwestern coast, was used as a natural archive to reconstruct bimonthly changes in SST, and carbonate chemistry through a multi-proxy approach since preindustrial times.</p><p>Preliminary results indicate a decrease in δ<sup>18</sup>O of 0.32 ‰ over 154 years since 1852,  indicating warming and/or freshening of the surface water over this period. Over the same time period, the δ<sup>11</sup>B ratio decreased by ca. 1.6 ‰, translating into a decrease of 0.1 on the pH scale, reflecting the acidification of the northwestern Cuban coastal waters. Furthermore, an accelerating decrease of coral δ<sup>13</sup>C from the 1850s to 2005 of 1.5 ‰ demonstrates the anthropogenic imprint due to increased fossil fuel combustion. Further investigation and the comparison to trace elements indicate possible baseline shifts in regional seawater carbonate chemistry that have been affected by anthropogenic activity.</p>

scholarly journals Lake-to-Lake Cloud Bands: Frequencies and Locations

2007 ◽  
Vol 135 (12) ◽  
pp. 4202-4213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yarice Rodriguez ◽  
David A. R. Kristovich ◽  
Mark R. Hjelmfelt
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Lake Effect ◽  
Time Period ◽  
High Resolution Satellite Imagery

Abstract Premodification of the atmosphere by upwind lakes is known to influence lake-effect snowstorm intensity and locations over downwind lakes. This study highlights perhaps the most visible manifestation of the link between convection over two or more of the Great Lakes lake-to-lake (L2L) cloud bands. Emphasis is placed on L2L cloud bands observed in high-resolution satellite imagery on 2 December 2003. These L2L cloud bands developed over Lake Superior and were modified as they passed over Lakes Michigan and Erie and intervening land areas. This event is put into a longer-term context through documentation of the frequency with which lake-effect and, particularly, L2L cloud bands occurred over a 5-yr time period over different areas of the Great Lakes region.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a semi-automatic system for long-term seawater carbonate chemistry manipulation

2013 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
RODRIGO TORRES ◽  
PATRICIO H MANRIQUEZ ◽  
CRISTIAN DUARTE ◽  
JORGE M NAVARRO ◽  
NELSON A LAGOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Automatic System ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Seawater Carbonate Chemistry

The Atmospheric Ionization during Substorm Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olesya Yakovchuk ◽  
Jan Maik Wissing
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Particle Flux ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Single Particles ◽  
Polar Cap ◽  
Output Data ◽  
Loss Cone ◽  
Data Format ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Atmospheric Ionization

<p>The Atmospheric Ionization during Substorm Model (AISstorm) is the successor of the Atmospheric Ionization Module Osnabrück (AIMOS) and thus may also be considered as AIMOS 2.0 - AISStorm.</p><p>The overall structure was kept mostly unaltered and splits up into an empirical model that determines the 2D precipitating particle flux and a numerical model that determines the ionization profile of single particles. The combination of these two results in a high resolution 3D particle ionization pattern.</p><p>The internal structure of the model has been completely revised with the main aspects being: a) an internal magnetic coordinate system, b) including substorms characteristics, c) higher time resolution, d) higher spatial resolution, e) energy specific separate handling of drift loss cone, auroal precipitation and polar cap precipitation, partly even in separate coordinate systems, f) better MLT resolution and g) covering a longer time period. All these tasks have been matched while keeping the output data format identical, allowing easy transition to the new version.</p>

MACRO-GOM: Long Term Multi-Resolution Ocean Current Reanalysis Dataset for the Gulf of Mexico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Groves ◽  
Ashwanth Srinivasan ◽  
Leonid Ivanov ◽  
Jill Storie ◽  
Drew Gustafson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Hydrodynamic Model ◽  
Life Extension ◽  
Ocean Current ◽  
Reanalysis Dataset ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Offshore Industry

Abstract The Gulf of Mexico's unique circulation characteristics pose a particular threat to marine operations and play a significant role in driving the criteria used for design and life extension analyses of offshore infrastructure. Estimates from existing reanalysis datasets used by operators in GOM show less than ideal correlation with in situ measurements and have a limited resolution that disallows for the capture of ocean features of interest. In this paper, we introduce a new high-resolution long-term reanalysis dataset, Multi-resolution Advanced Current Reanalysis for the Ocean – Gulf of Mexico (MACRO-GOM), based on a state-of the-science hydrodynamic model configured specifically for ocean current forecasting and hindcasting services for the offshore industry that assimilates extensive non-conventional observational data. The underlying hydrodynamic model used is the Woods Hole Group – Tendral Ocean Prediction System (WHG-TOPS). MACRO-GOM is being developed at the native resolution of the TOPS-GOM domain, i.e. 1/32° (~3 km) hourly grid for the 1994-2019 time period (25 years). A 3-level downscaling methodology is used wherein observation based estimates are first dynamically interpolated using a 1/4° model before being downscaled to the 1/16° Inter-American Seas (IAS) domain, which in turn is used to generate time-consistent boundary conditions for the 1/32° reanalysis. A multiscale data assimilation technique is used to constrain the model at synoptic and longer time scales. For this paper, a shorter, 5-year reanalysis run was conducted for the 2015-2019 time period for verification against assimilated and unassimilated observations, WHG's proprietary frontal analyses, and other reanalyses. Both the frontal analyses and Notice to Lesses (NTL) rig mounted ADCP data was withheld from assimilation for comparison. Offshore operations in the GOM can benefit from an improved reanalysis dataset capable of assimilating existing non-conventional observational datasets. Existing hindcast and reanalysis model datasets are limited in their ability to comprehensively and reliably quantify the 3D circulation and kinematic properties of the main features partly because of limited assimilation of observational data. MACRO-GOM incorporates all the advantages of available HYCOM-based reanalyses and further enhances the resolution, accuracy, and reliability by the assimilation of over three decades of WHG's proprietary datasets and frontal analyses for continuous model correction and ground-truthing. The final 25-year high resolution dataset will provide highly reliable design and operational criteria for new and existing infrastructure in GOM.

scholarly journals The role of ocean acidification in <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> coccolith thinning in the Mediterranean Sea

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2857-2869 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. S. Meier ◽  
L. Beaufort ◽  
S. Heussner ◽  
P. Ziveri
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Carbonate Production ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Nw Mediterranean ◽  
Seawater Carbonate Chemistry

Abstract. Ocean acidification is a result of the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere into the ocean and has been identified as a major environmental and economic threat. The release of several thousands of petagrams of carbon over a few hundred years will have an overwhelming effect on surface ocean carbon reservoirs. The recorded and anticipated changes in seawater carbonate chemistry will presumably affect global oceanic carbonate production. Coccolithophores as the primary calcifying phytoplankton group, and especially Emiliania huxleyi as the most abundant species have shown a reduction of calcification at increased CO2 concentrations for the majority of strains tested in culture experiments. A reduction of calcification is associated with a decrease in coccolith weight. However, the effect in monoclonal cultures is relatively small compared to the strong variability displayed in natural E. huxleyi communities, as these are a mix of genetically and sometimes morphologically distinct types. Average coccolith weight is likely influenced by the variability in seawater carbonate chemistry in different parts of the world's oceans and on glacial/interglacial time scales due to both physiological effects and morphotype selectivity. An effect of the ongoing ocean acidification on E. huxleyi calcification has so far not been documented in situ. Here, we analyze E. huxleyi coccolith weight from the NW Mediterranean Sea in a 12-year sediment trap series, and surface sediment and sediment core samples using an automated recognition and analyzing software. Our findings clearly show (1) a continuous decrease in the average coccolith weight of E. huxleyi from 1993 to 2005, reaching levels below pre-industrial (Holocene) and industrial (20th century) values recorded in the sedimentary record and (2) seasonal variability in coccolith weight that is linked to the coccolithophore productivity. The observed long-term decrease in coccolith weight is most likely a result of the changes in the surface ocean carbonate system. Our results provide the first indications of an in situ impact of ocean acidification on coccolithophore weight in a natural E. huxleyi population, even in the highly alkaline Mediterranean Sea.

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