Lithospheric mantle beneath the Vogelsberg volcanic field (Central Germany) 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Ziobro ◽  
Jacek Puziewicz ◽  
Sonja Aulbach ◽  
Theodoros Ntaflos ◽  
Magdalena Matusiak-Małek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithospheric Mantle ◽  
Volcanic Field ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Upper Rhine Graben ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Sinusoidal Pattern ◽  
Ree Patterns ◽  
Upper Rhine ◽  
Lree Depletion

<p>Vogelsberg is a Cenozoic volcanic field situated at the northern tip of the Upper Rhine Graben. It stretches over two major Variscan basement units: the Rheno-Hercynian Zone in the NW and the Saxo-Thuringian Zone in the SE. We studied peridotite xenoliths from Breitenborn, Nidda and Dreihausen (SE, central and NW part of Vogelsberg, respectively) in order to reveal the evolution of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) rejuvenated during a Cenozoic rifting episode.</p><p>The Vogelsberg xenoliths are spinel harzburgites and clinopyroxene-poor spinel lherzolites. Most samples show grain size reduction leading to serial or porphyroclastic texture, or slight to well-defined foliation. All studied sites have similar major elements chemistry: olivine Fo 89.3-91.7%; orthopyroxene (opx) Mg# 0.89-0.92 and 0.06-0.25 atoms of Al pfu (per formula unit); clinopyroxene (cpx) Mg# 0.89-0.93 and 0.10-0.33 atoms of Al pfu. Spinel Cr# is highly variable: 0.18-0.45 for Breitenborn, 0.14-0.57 for Nidda and 0.11-0.61 for Dreihausen.</p><p>Vogelsberg peridotites exhibit a diversity of REE patterns:</p><p>(1) opx with a sinusoidal pattern, no cpx (Nidda, Dreihausen);</p><p>(2) cpx with flat patterns; coexisting opx with strong LREE-depletion, (La/Lu)<sub>N</sub> ~0.02 (Nidda, Dreihausen)</p><p>(3) cpx with flat, spoon-shaped patterns with La-Ce-enrichment (La/Pr)<sub>N</sub> ~4.3; opx similar to (2) but partly spoon-like, (Nd/Lu)<sub>N</sub> ~0.02 (Nidda, Breitenborn)</p><p>(4) cpx with different degree of LREE-enrichment, (La/Lu)<sub>N</sub>­ of 4-21.4; coexisting opx with mild LREE-depletion, (La/Lu)<sub>N</sub> of 0.1-0.3 (Breitenborn, Nidda, Dreihausen)</p><p>(5) cpx with flat HREE pattern and strongly LREE-depleted, (La/Eu)<sub>N</sub> ~0.03; coexisting opx similar to (2) but with (Ce/Lu)<sub>N</sub> ~0.001 (Breitenborn)</p><p>Temperatures calculated using REE content (T<sub>REE</sub>) [1] for the Breitenborn peridotites exhibit two ranges: 930-990°C and 1050-1130°C, for the Nidda ones: 880-930°C, 1000-1050°C and 1110-1150°C and for Dreihausen ones: 1140-1190°C. Temperatures calculated on the basis of pyroxene major element contents (T<sub>BKN</sub>) [2] are 40-90°C lower than T<sub>REE</sub> in Breitenborn and Nidda and lower by 10-55°C in Dreihausen.</p><p>The most common pyroxene REE patterns (type 4) are products of two-phase metasomatism: by Vogelsberg alkali basalt followed by a highly LREE-rich melt that further increased LREE contents in cpx, up to observed abundances. Strongly LREE-depleted opx (types 2, 3, 5) and cpx (type 5) patterns could be residues after partial melting of a fertile protolith, or products of metasomatism by melts derived from depleted MORB mantle. Cpx patterns of type 2 and 3 might have been once similar to type 5 but were later affected by the second phase of metasomatism: highly LREE-rich melt that increased chromatographically their LREE contents to variable degrees. The diversity of REE patterns and calculated temperatures shows that the SCLM beneath Vogelsberg is highly heterogeneous, probably due to spatial variability of deformation and percolation of hot melts connected with Cenozoic rifting.</p><p> </p><p>This study was funded by Polish National Science Centre to MZ (UMO-2018/29/N/ST10/00259) and JP (UMO-2014/15/B/ST10/00095). EPMA analyses were done thanks to the Polish-Austrian projects WTZ PL/16 and WTZ PL 08/2018. MZ acknowledges the DAAD fellowship at Goethe University Frankfurt.</p><p>References</p><p>[1] Liang Y. et al. (2013). GeochimCosmochimActa 102, 246–260.</p><p>[2] Brey G. & Köhler T. (1990). JPetrol 31, 1353–1378.</p>

Lithospheric mantle beneath the Mid-German Crystalline High Variscan unit: Breitenborn (Vogelsberg, Central Germany) case study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Ziobro ◽  
Jacek Puziewicz ◽  
Sonja Aulbach ◽  
Theodoros Ntaflos ◽  
Magdalena Matusiak-Małek
Keyword(s):  
Lithospheric Mantle ◽  
Major Element ◽  
Volcanic Field ◽  
Upper Rhine Graben ◽  
Central Germany ◽  
Rhine Graben ◽  
Lree Enrichment ◽  
Mineral Components ◽  
Ree Patterns ◽  
Upper Rhine

<p>The Cenozoic volcanic field of Vogelsberg (part of CEVP in Central Germany) is located at the northern extension of the Upper Rhine Graben. Three Variscan basement units underlie Vogelsberg from NW to SE: the Rheno-Hercynian Zone, the Northern Phyllite Zone and the Mid-German Crystalline High. Xenoliths from the Breitenborn basanite sample lithospheric mantle (LM) beneath the Mid-German Crystalline High.</p><p>The Breitenborn suite comprises xenoliths of 3-7.5 cm in diameter: clinopyroxene-poor spinel lherzolites, spinel harzburgites and clinopyroxenites. Peridotites exhibit different degrees of deformation: porphyroclastic textures, foliation development and grain size reduction. Mineral components are chemically homogenous at the grain and xenolith scale. Forsterite content (Fo) in olivine ranges between 89.8 and 91.5% with exception of Fo ~89.0% in one xenolith. Orthopyroxene (opx) is characterized by Mg# of 0.900-0.923 and 0.06-0.18 atoms of Al pfu, whereas clinopyroxene (cpx) by Mg# of 0.894-0.931 and 0.11-0.23 atoms of Al pfu. Spinel Cr# ranges from 0.18 to 0.45. Clinopyroxenites exhibit protogranular textures with no deformation. They are significantly less magnesian (cpx Mg# 0.834-0.863) and more aluminous (0.25-0.31 atoms of Al pfu) than peridotites.</p><p>Peridotite cpx REE patterns show different degree of enrichment in LREE, except two xenoliths being strongly depleted in LREE. Opx from those two xenoliths exhibits patterns steeply depleted from HREE to LREE. The remaining opx shows mild depletion in LREE relative to HREE or slight LREE enrichment.</p><p>Temperatures calculated using REE content (T<sub>REE</sub>) [1] range between 1030 and 1130°C for most of the xenoliths and show that pyroxenes are in REE equilibrium. Exceptions are LREE-depleted xenoliths which have 940-975°C and exhibit no LREE equilibrium. Temperatures calculated on the basis of pyroxene major element contents (T<sub>BKN</sub>) [2] are ~40-140°C lower than T<sub>REE</sub>.</p><p>During Cenozoic rifting which formed the Upper Rhine Graben, a diversity of melts interacted with the LM beneath Vogelsberg. LREE-enriched cpx and opx patterns suggest metasomatic alteration of LM by alkaline melts, which is typical of other studied sites in the area. A calculated hypothetical melt in equilibrium with clinopyroxenite cpx patterns resembles those of basanites and alkaline basalts occurring in Vogelsberg, which were possibly involved in the alkaline metasomatism of the LM. Varying discrepancy between T<sub>REE</sub> and T<sub>BKN</sub> indicate that the xenoliths experienced cooling after melt metasomatism of the LM, which was not followed by recrystallisation. Different degrees of LREE enrichment and gradual changes in major element compositions of peridotite minerals indicate the chromatographic character of the alkaline metasomatism. Strongly LREE-depleted cpx and opx patterns probably are effects of metasomatism by melts derived from depleted MORB mantle, which are typical products of advanced melting in continental rifting environments.</p><p> </p><p>The study was funded by Polish National Science Centre to MZ (project UMO-2018/29/N/ST10/00259). EPMA analyses were done within the frame of the Polish-Austrian project WTZ PL 08/2018. MZ acknowledges the DAAD fellowship at the Goethe University in Frankfurt.</p><p> </p><p>References</p><p>[1] Liang Y. et al. (2013). GeochimCosmochimAc 102, 246–260.</p><p>[2] Brey G. & Köhler T. (1990). JPetrol 31, 1353–1378.</p>

scholarly journals Insight on the possible use of black shales for geological storage of radioactive wastes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
CI Chemistry International
Keyword(s):  
Black Shale ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Black Shales ◽  
Granulometric Analysis ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Trace And Major Elements ◽  
Ree Patterns ◽  
Lree Depletion

This study was undertaken to investigate the natural materials before and after appropriate physicochemical treatments. The samples were collected at different depths from the outcrop Lamsied located in the Tarfaya-Boujdour basin. This work concerns a mineralogical and geochemical characterization of local black shale. For instance, mineralogical and granulometric analysis showed that the local black shale is composed essentially of calcite, and the texture does not depend neither on the depth nor on the lithology. The distribution of stable elements such as rare earth elements (RRE) and other trace and major elements was determined. Different techniques of analysis were used for the characterization of the samples. Enrichment or depletion of major elements was observed. NASC-normalized REE patterns revealed a heavy REE (HREE) enrichment, a light REE (LREE) depletion, a positive Eu anomaly and a negative Ce anomaly. The result indicates reduction conditions. Results of correlation analysis suggest the association of La, Ce, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb and Lu with terrigenous minerals and of Eu, Sm and Tm with carbonates and TOC (total organic carbon).

scholarly journals Lithosphere tearing along STEP faults and synkinematic formation of lherzolite and wehrlite in the shallow subcontinental mantle

Solid Earth ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1099-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Károly Hidas ◽  
Carlos J. Garrido ◽  
Guillermo Booth-Rea ◽  
Claudio Marchesi ◽  
Jean-Louis Bodinier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Lithospheric Mantle ◽  
Volcanic Field ◽  
Mantle Xenoliths ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Mantle Flow ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Subduction-transform edge propagator (STEP) faults are the locus of continual lithospheric tearing at slab edges, resulting in sharp changes in the lithospheric and crustal thickness and triggering lateral and/or near-vertical mantle flow. However, the mechanisms at the lithospheric mantle scale are still poorly understood. Here, we present the microstructural study of olivine-rich lherzolite, harzburgite and wehrlite mantle xenoliths from the Oran volcanic field (Tell Atlas, northwest Algeria). This alkali volcanic field occurs along a major STEP fault responsible for the Miocene westward slab retreat in the westernmost Mediterranean. Mantle xenoliths provide a unique opportunity to investigate the microstructures in the mantle section of a STEP fault system. The microstructures of mantle xenoliths show a variable grain size ranging from coarse granular to fine-grained equigranular textures uncorrelated with lithology. The major element composition of the mantle peridotites provides temperature estimates in a wide range (790–1165 ∘C) but in general, the coarse-grained and fine-grained peridotites suggest deeper and shallower provenance depth, respectively. Olivine grain size in the fine-grained peridotites depends on the size and volume fraction of the pyroxene grains, which is consistent with pinning of olivine grain growth by pyroxenes as second-phase particles. In the coarse-grained peridotites, well-developed olivine crystal-preferred orientation (CPO) is characterized by orthorhombic and [100]-fiber symmetries, and orthopyroxene has a coherent CPO with that of olivine, suggesting their coeval deformation by dislocation creep at high temperature. In the fine-grained microstructures, along with the weakening of the fabric strength, olivine CPO symmetry exhibits a shift towards [010] fiber and the [010] and [001] axes of orthopyroxene are generally distributed subparallel to those of olivine. These data are consistent with deformation of olivine in the presence of low amounts of melts and the precipitation of orthopyroxenes from a melt phase. The bulk CPO of clinopyroxene mimics that of orthopyroxene via a topotaxial relationship of the two pyroxenes. This observation points to a melt-related origin of most clinopyroxenes in the Oran mantle xenoliths. The textural and geochemical record of the peridotites are consistent with interaction of a refractory harzburgite protolith with a high-Mg no. melt at depth (resulting in the formation of coarse-grained clinopyroxene-rich lherzolite and wehrlite) and with a low-Mg no. evolved melt in the shallow subcontinental lithospheric mantle (forming fine-grained harzburgite). We propose that pervasive melt–peridotite reaction – promoted by lateral and/or near-vertical mantle flow associated with lithospheric tearing – resulted in the synkinematic crystallization of secondary lherzolite and wehrlite and had a key effect on grain size reduction during the operation of the Tell–Rif STEP fault. Melt–rock reaction and secondary formation of lherzolite and wehrlite may be widespread in other STEP fault systems worldwide.

scholarly journals Tectonic influence on fluvial preservation: aspects of the architecture of Middle and Late Pleistocene sediments in the northern Upper Rhine Graben, Germany

2008 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Weidenfeller ◽  
T. Kärcher
Keyword(s):  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Upper Rhine Graben ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Fluvial Terraces ◽  
Rhine Graben ◽  
Stratigraphic Position ◽  
Middle And Late Pleistocene ◽  
Heavy Mineral Analysis ◽  
Upper Rhine

AbstractRecent carried out core drillings in the Ludwigshafen/Speyer area permit an improved stratigrahical differentiation of the Plio-Pleistocene deposits in the northern Upper Rhine Graben. Lithofacies analysis, pollen analysis, heavy mineral analysis, and palaeomagnetical results, lead to a subdivision of ‘Kieslager’ (gravel-layers) and ‘Zwischenhorizonte’ (interlayers). In the scope of geological mapping near Mannheim and Speyer, the genesis and the stratigraphic position of Middle and Late Pleistocene fluvial terraces was re-assessed (‘Frankenthaler Terrasse’). The terrace has a complex composition, marking two phases of accretion followed by abandonment: a first phase took place in (Elsterian? to) Saalian times, the second phase during the Weichselian. Tectonism further complicates the sequence, in particular in the area between Ludwigshafen and Speyer, which is the SW rim of the ‘Heidelberger Loch’-structure. In this area ‘terraces’ occur they are the result of faulting rather than fluvial dissection alone.

scholarly journals Lithosphere tearing along STEP faults and synkinematic formation of lherzolite and wehrlite in the shallow subcontinental mantle

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Károly Hidas ◽  
Carlos J. Garrido ◽  
Guillermo Booth-Rea ◽  
Claudio Marchesi ◽  
Jean-Louis Bodinier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Lithospheric Mantle ◽  
Volcanic Field ◽  
Mantle Xenoliths ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Mantle Flow ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Subduction-Transform Edge Propagator (STEP) faults are the locus of continual lithospheric tearing at slab edges, resulting in sharp changes in the lithospheric and crustal thickness and triggering lateral and/or near-vertical mantle flow. However, the mechanisms at the lithospheric mantle scale are still poorly understood. Here, we present the microstructural study of olivine-rich lherzolite, harzburgite and wehrlite mantle xenoliths from the Oran volcanic field (Tell Atlas, NW Algeria). This alkali volcanic field occurs along a major STEP fault responsible for the Miocene westward slab retreat in the westernmost Mediterranean. Mantle xenoliths provide a unique opportunity to investigate the microstructures in the mantle section of a STEP fault system. The microstructures of mantle xenoliths show a variable grain size ranging from coarse granular to fine-grained equigranular textures uncorrelated with modal variations. The major element composition of the mantle peridotites provides temperature estimates in a wide range (790–1165 °C) but in general, the coarse-grained and fine-grained peridotites suggest deeper and shallower provenance depth, respectively. Olivine grain size in the fine-grained peridotites depends on the size and volume fraction of the pyroxene grains, which is consistent with pinning of olivine grain growth by pyroxenes as second phase particles. In the coarse-grained peridotites, well-developed olivine crystal preferred orientation (CPO) is characterized by orthorhombic and [100]-fiber symmetries, and orthopyroxene has a coherent CPO with that of olivine, suggesting their coeval deformation by dislocation creep at high-temperature. In the fine-grained microstructures, along with the weakening of the fabric strength, olivine CPO symmetry exhibits a shift towards [010]-fiber and the [010]- and [001]-axes of orthopyroxene are generally distributed subparallel to those of olivine. These data are consistent with deformation of olivine in the presence of low amounts of melts and the precipitation of orthopyroxenes from a melt phase. The bulk CPO of clinopyroxene mimics that of orthopyroxene via a topotaxial relationship of the two pyroxenes. This observation points to a melt-related origin of most clinopyroxenes in the Oran mantle xenoliths. The textural and geochemical record of the peridotites are consistent with interaction of a refractory harzburgite protolith with a high-Mg# melt at depth (resulting in the formation of coarse-grained clinopyroxene-rich lherzolite and wehrlite), and with a low-Mg# evolved melt in the shallow subcontinental lithospheric mantle (forming fine-grained harzburgite). We propose that pervasive melt-peridotite reaction – promoted by lateral and/or near-vertical mantle flow associated with lithospheric tearing – resulted in the synkinematic crystallization of secondary lherzolite and wehrlite and played a key effect on grain size reduction during the operation of the Rif-Tell STEP fault. Melt-rock reaction and secondary formation of lherzolite and wehrlite may be widespread in other STEP fault systems worldwide.

scholarly journals Palaeoenvironmental changes and vegetation history of the northern Upper Rhine Graben (southwestern Germany) since the Lateglacial

2008 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A.A. Bos ◽  
R. Dambeck ◽  
A.J. Kalis ◽  
A. Schweizer ◽  
H. Thiemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation History ◽  
Younger Dryas ◽  
Upper Rhine Graben ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Rhine Graben ◽  
Pollen Diagrams ◽  
History Of ◽  
Upper Rhine ◽  
Palaeoenvironmental Changes

AbstractThe vegetation of the northern Upper Rhine Graben (southwestern Germany) is reconstructed for the end of the Lateglacial and the Holocene by means of palynological analyses in combination with AMS 14c dating. Analogous to adjacent lowland areas, the Younger Dryas climatic deterioration did not result in a complete deforestation of the area and open pine woodlands with locally birch stands and shrubs persisted. A subdivision of the Younger Dryas period, into a humid first phase, followed by a dry second phase was also reflected in our records. For the Holocene, the pollen diagrams show two regionally different vegetation developments, related to substrate and variations in annual precipitation: in the south the ‘classical’ succession of pine then hazel is followed by other deciduous trees, whereas in the northern part, pine kept its dominance far into the Subboreal.

A Comparison of Tem and Apfim to the Interpretation of Modulated Microstructures

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 70-71
Author(s):  
M.G. Burke ◽  
M.K. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Superlattice Reflection ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Atom Probe ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Miscibility Gap ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Probe Field

Interpretation of fine-scale microstructures containing high volume fractions of second phase is complex. In particular, microstructures developed through decomposition within low temperature miscibility gaps may be extremely fine. This paper compares the morphological interpretations of such complex microstructures by the high-resolution techniques of TEM and atom probe field-ion microscopy (APFIM).The Fe-25 at% Be alloy selected for this study was aged within the low temperature miscibility gap to form a <100> aligned two-phase microstructure. This triaxially modulated microstructure is composed of an Fe-rich ferrite phase and a B2-ordered Be-enriched phase. The microstructural characterization through conventional bright-field TEM is inadequate because of the many contributions to image contrast. The ordering reaction which accompanies spinodal decomposition in this alloy permits simplification of the image by the use of the centered dark field technique to image just one phase. A CDF image formed with a B2 superlattice reflection is shown in fig. 1. In this CDF micrograph, the the B2-ordered Be-enriched phase appears as bright regions in the darkly-imaging ferrite. By examining the specimen in a [001] orientation, the <100> nature of the modulations is evident.

THE DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF TWO PHASE ALLOYS WITH SECOND PHASE INCLUSIONS

1985 ◽  
Vol 46 (C5) ◽  
pp. C5-251-C5-255
Author(s):  
S. Pytel ◽  
L. Wojnar
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Fracture ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Two Phase

Behaviour of air injection nozzles in dissolved air flotation

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 25-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Rykaart ◽  
J. Haarhoff
Keyword(s):  
Bubble Coalescence ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Dissolved Air Flotation ◽  
Nozzle Orifice ◽  
Pressure Release ◽  
Air Volume ◽  
Air Flotation ◽  
Dissolved Air

A simple two-phase conceptual model is postulated to explain the initial growth of microbubbles after pressure release in dissolved air flotation. During the first phase bubbles merely expand from existing nucleation centres as air precipitates from solution, without bubble coalescence. This phase ends when all excess air is transferred to the gas phase. During the second phase, the total air volume remains the same, but bubbles continue to grow due to bubble coalescence. This model is used to explain the results from experiments where three different nozzle variations were tested, namely a nozzle with an impinging surface immediately outside the nozzle orifice, a nozzle with a bend in the nozzle channel, and a nozzle with a tapering outlet immediately outside the nozzle orifice. From these experiments, it is inferred that the first phase of bubble growth is completed at approximately 1.7 ms after the start of pressure release.

scholarly journals A novel two-phase cycle algorithm for effective cyber intrusion detection in edge computing

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiguang Gong ◽  
Yunping Liu ◽  
Chuanyang Yin
Keyword(s):  
Intrusion Detection ◽  
Optimal Parameter ◽  
Edge Computing ◽  
Cloud Services ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Pareto Optimal ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Phase Cycle ◽  
Positive Rate

AbstractEdge computing extends traditional cloud services to the edge of the network, closer to users, and is suitable for network services with low latency requirements. With the rise of edge computing, its security issues have also received increasing attention. In this paper, a novel two-phase cycle algorithm is proposed for effective cyber intrusion detection in edge computing based on a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) and modified back-propagation neural network (MBPNN), namely TPC-MOGA-MBPNN. In the first phase, the MOGA is employed to build a multi-objective optimization model that tries to find the Pareto optimal parameter set for MBPNN. The Pareto optimal parameter set is applied for simultaneous minimization of the average false positive rate (Avg FPR), mean squared error (MSE) and negative average true positive rate (Avg TPR) in the dataset. In the second phase, some MBPNNs are created based on the parameter set obtained by MOGA and are trained to search for a more optimal parameter set locally. The parameter set obtained in the second phase is used as the input of the first phase, and the training process is repeated until the termination criteria are reached. A benchmark dataset, KDD cup 1999, is used to demonstrate and validate the performance of the proposed approach for intrusion detection. The proposed approach can discover a pool of MBPNN-based solutions. Combining these MBPNN solutions can significantly improve detection performance, and a GA is used to find the optimal MBPNN combination. The results show that the proposed approach achieves an accuracy of 98.81% and a detection rate of 98.23% and outperform most systems of previous works found in the literature. In addition, the proposed approach is a generalized classification approach that is applicable to the problem of any field having multiple conflicting objectives.

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