scholarly journals EUREC<sup>4</sup>A's <i>HALO</i>

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 5545-5563
Author(s):  
Heike Konow ◽  
Florian Ewald ◽  
Geet George ◽  
Marek Jacob ◽  
Marcus Klingebiel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Images ◽  
Narrative Text ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Trade Wind ◽  
German Research ◽  
Research Aircraft ◽  
Sensor Cloud ◽  
Online Book ◽  
Cloud Mask

Abstract. As part of the EUREC4A (Elucidating the role of cloud–circulation coupling in climate) field campaign, the German research aircraft HALO (High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft), configured as a cloud observatory, conducted 15 research flights in the trade-wind region east of Barbados in January and February 2020. Narrative text, aircraft state data, and metadata describing HALO's operation during the campaign are provided. Each HALO research flight is segmented by timestamp intervals into standard elements to aid the consistent analysis of the flight data. Photographs from HALO's cabin and animated satellite images synchronized with flight tracks are provided to visually document flight conditions. As a comprehensive product from the remote sensing observations, a multi-sensor cloud mask product is derived and quantifies the incidence of clouds observed during the flights. In addition, to lower the threshold for new users of HALO's data, a collection of use cases is compiled into an online book, How to EUREC4A, included as an asset with this paper. This online book provides easy access to most of EUREC4A's HALO data through an intake catalogue. Code and data are freely available at the locations specified in Table 6.

scholarly journals EUREC<sup>4</sup>A's HALO

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Konow ◽  
Florian Ewald ◽  
Geet George ◽  
Marek Jacob ◽  
Marcus Klingebiel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Images ◽  
Narrative Text ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Trade Wind ◽  
Time Stamp ◽  
German Research ◽  
Research Aircraft ◽  
Sensor Cloud ◽  
Online Book ◽  
Cloud Mask

Abstract. As part of the EUREC4A field campaign, the German research aircraft HALO, configured as a cloud observatory, conducted 15 research flights in the trade wind region east of Barbados in January and February 2020. Narrative text, aircraft state data, and meta data describing HALO's operation during the campaign are provided. Each HALO research flight is segmented by time-stamp intervals into standard elements to aid the consistent analysis of the flight data. Photographs from HALO's cabin and animated satellite images synchronized with flight tracks are provided to visually document flight conditions. As a comprehensive product from the remote sensing observations, a multi-sensor cloud mask product is derived and quantifies the incidence of clouds observed during the flights. In addition, to lower the threshold for new users of HALO's data, a collection of use cases is compiled into an online book "How to EUREC4A", included as an asset with this paper. This online book provides easy access to most of EUREC4A's  HALO data through an intake catalogue.

scholarly journals On the imprint of the mesoscale organization of tradewind clouds at cloud base and below

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Bony ◽  
Pierre-Etienne Brilouet ◽  
Patrick Chazette ◽  
Pierre Coutris ◽  
Julien Delanoë ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Trade Wind ◽  
Tropical Atlantic ◽  
Lidar Measurements ◽  
Research Aircraft ◽  
Cloud Patterns

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Trade-wind clouds &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;can &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;exhibit &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;different&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; patterns of mesoscale organization. These patterns were observed during the EUREC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(Elucidating the role of cloud-circulation coupling in climate) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;field campaign that took place in Jan-Feb 2020 over the western tropical Atlantic near Barbados: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;hile the HALO aircraft &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;was observing clouds from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;above&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;was &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;characteri&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;z&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ing&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;large-scale&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; environment&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;with&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; dropsondes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, the ATR-42 research aircraft was flying &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;lower troposphere&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;characteriz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; cloud&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;and turbulence &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;with horizontal radar-lidar measurements and in-situ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;probes and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;sensors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;By&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; analyz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ing&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;these data &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;for different cloud patterns&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;we&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;investigate the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;extent to which the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;cloud&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; organization &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;s imprinted &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; cloud-base &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;properties &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; subcloud-layer &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;heterogeneities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The implications of our findings for understanding the roots of the mesoscale organization &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;of tradewind clouds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; will be discussed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals VELOX – A new thermal infrared imager for airborne remote sensing of cloud and surface properties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Schäfer ◽  
Kevin Wolf ◽  
André Ehrlich ◽  
Christoph Hallbauer ◽  
Evelyn Jäkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Infrared ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Spectral Radiance ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Infrared Imager ◽  
Research Aircraft ◽  
Original Application ◽  
Cloud Mask

Abstract. The new airborne thermal infrared (TIR) imager VELOX (Video airbornE Longwave Observations within siX channels) is introduced. The commercial camera system of VELOX covers six spectral bands with center wavelengths between 7.7 µm and 12 µm. VELOX is currently applied on board the German High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO). It observes two-dimensional fields of upward terrestrial spectral radiance with a horizontal spatial resolution of approximately 10 m by 10 m at a target distance of 10 km. Atmospheric temperature values are rather low compared to the original application of the TIR imager system and range close to the detection limit of the sensor. This challenge requires additional calibration efforts to reduce the measurement uncertainties of VELOX. These calibration and correction procedures, including radiometric calibrations, non-uniform corrections, bad-pixel replacements, and window corrections for data collected by VELOX, are presented. First measurements acquired by VELOX during the EUREC4A (ElUcidating the RolE of Cloud-Circulation Coupling in ClimAte) campaign are presented, including an analyses of the cloud top brightness temperature, cloud mask/fraction, and cloud top altitude data. They reveal that the cloud top temperature can be resolved with a resolution of better than 0.1 K, which translates into a resolution of approximately 40 m with respect to cloud top altitude.

scholarly journals Trade-wind clouds and aerosols characterized by airborne horizontal lidar measurements during the EUREC<sup>4</sup>A field campaign

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Chazette ◽  
Julien Totems ◽  
Alexandre Baron ◽  
Cyrille Flamant ◽  
Sandrine Bony
Keyword(s):  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Trade Wind ◽  
Shallow Convection ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Lidar Measurements ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Cloud Mask ◽  
Level 2

Abstract. From 23 January to 13 February 2020, twenty ATR-42 flights were conducted over the tropical Atlantic, off the coast of Barbados (−58°30' W 13°30' N), to characterize the trade-wind clouds generated by shallow convection. These flights were conducted as part of the international EUREC4A (Elucidating the role of clouds-circulation coupling in climate) field campaign. One of the objectives of these flights was to characterize the trade-wind cumuli at their base for a range of meteorological conditions, convective mesoscale organizations and times of the day, with the help of sidewards staring remote sensing (lidar and radar). This paper presents the datasets associated with horizontal lidar measurements. The lidar sampled clouds from a lateral window of the aircraft over a range of about 8 km, with a horizontal resolution of 15 to 30 m, over a rectangle pattern of 20 km by 130 km. The measurements made it possible to characterize the size distribution of clouds near their base, and the presence of dust-like aerosols within and above the marine boundary layer. This paper presents the measurements and the different levels of data processing, ranging from raw level 1 data (https://doi.org/10.25326/57; Chazette et al., 2020c) to level 2 and 3 processed data that include an horizontal cloud mask (https://doi.org/10.25326/58; Chazette et al., 2020b) and aerosol extinction coefficients (https://doi.org/10.25326/59; Chazette et al., 2020a). An intermediate level, companion to the level 1 data (level 1.5), is also available for calibrated and geolocalized data ( https://doi.org/10.25326/57; Chazette et al., 2020c).

scholarly journals EUREC<sup>4</sup>A observations from the SAFIRE ATR42 aircraft

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Bony ◽  
Marie Lothon ◽  
Julien Delanoë ◽  
Pierre Coutris ◽  
Jean-Claude Etienne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Cloud Fraction ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Trade Wind ◽  
Flight Pattern ◽  
Cloud Radar ◽  
Base Level ◽  
Microphysical Properties ◽  
Research Aircraft

Abstract. As part of the EUREC4A (Elucidating the role of cloud-circulation coupling in climate) field campaign, which took place in January and February 2020 over the western tropical Atlantic near Barbados, the French SAFIRE ATR42 research aircraft conducted 19 flights in the lower troposphere. Each flight followed a common flight pattern that sampled the atmosphere around the cloud-base level, at different heights of the subcloud layer, near the sea surface and in the lower free troposphere. The aircraft's payload included a backscatter lidar and a Doppler cloud radar that were both horizontally oriented, a Doppler cloud radar looking upward, microphysical probes, a cavity ring-down spectrometer for water isotopes, a multiwavelength radiometer, a visible camera and multiple meteorological sensors, including fast rate sensors for turbulence measurements. With this instrumentation, the ATR characterized the macrophysical and microphysical properties of trade-wind clouds together with their thermodynamical, turbulent and radiative environment. This paper presents the airborne operations, the flight segmentation, the instrumentation, the data processing and the EUREC4A datasets produced from the ATR measurements. It shows that the ATR measurements of humidity, wind and cloud-base cloud fraction measured with different techniques and samplings are internally consistent, that meteorological measurements are consistent with estimates from dropsondes launched from an overflying aircraft (HALO), and that water isotopic measurements are well correlated with data from the Barbados Cloud Observatory. This consistency demonstrates the robustness of the ATR measurements of humidity, wind, cloud-base cloud fraction and water isotopic composition during EUREC4A. It also confirms that through their repeated flight patterns, the ATR and HALO measurements provided a statistically consistent sampling of trade-wind clouds and of their environment. The ATR datasets are freely available at the locations specified in Table 11.

scholarly journals Deployment of the C-band radar Poldirad on Barbados during EUREC<sup>4</sup>A

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 5899-5914
Author(s):  
Martin Hagen ◽  
Florian Ewald ◽  
Silke Groß ◽  
Lothar Oswald ◽  
David A. Farrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rain Rate ◽  
Radar Signal ◽  
Trade Wind ◽  
Cumulus Clouds ◽  
Radar Images ◽  
Shallow Cumulus ◽  
Maximum Range ◽  
Research Aircraft ◽  
Radar Measurements

Abstract. The German polarimetric C-band weather radar Poldirad (Polarization Diversity Radar) was deployed for the international field campaign EUREC4A (Elucidating the role of clouds–circulation coupling in climate) on the island of Barbados where it was operated from February until August 2020. Focus of the installation was monitoring clouds and precipitation in the trade wind region east of Barbados. Different scanning modes were used with a temporal sequence of 5 min and a maximum range of 375 km. In addition to built-in quality control performed by the radar signal processor, it was found that the copoloar correlation coefficient ρHV can be used to remove contamination of radar products by sea clutter. Radar images were available in real time for all campaign participants and aboard research aircraft. Examples of mesoscale precipitation patterns, rain rate accumulation, diurnal cycle, and vertical distribution are given to show the potential of the radar measurements for further studies on the life cycle of precipitating shallow cumulus clouds and other related aspects. Poldirad data from the EUREC4A campaign are available on the EUREC4A AERIS database: https://doi.org/10.25326/218 (Hagen et al., 2021a) for raw data and https://doi.org/10.25326/217 (Hagen et al., 2021b) for gridded data.

scholarly journals Deployment of the C-band radar Poldirad on Barbados during EUREC<sup>4</sup>A

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hagen ◽  
Florian Ewald ◽  
Silke Groß ◽  
Lothar Oswald ◽  
David A. Farrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rain Rate ◽  
Radar Signal ◽  
Trade Wind ◽  
Cumulus Clouds ◽  
Radar Images ◽  
Shallow Cumulus ◽  
Maximum Range ◽  
Research Aircraft ◽  
Radar Measurements

Abstract. The German polarimetric C-band weather radar Poldirad (Polarization Diversity Radar) was deployed for the international field campaign EUREC4A (ElUcidating the RolE of Cloud-Circulation Coupling in ClimAte) on the island of Barbados. Poldirad was operated on Barbados from February until August 2020. Focus of the installation was monitoring clouds and precipitation in the trade wind region east of Barbados. Different scanning modes were used with a temporal sequence of 5 minutes and a maximum range of 375 km. In addition to built-in quality control performed by the radar signal processor, it was found that the copoloar correlation coefficient ρHV can be used to remove contamination of radar products by sea clutter. Radar images were available in real-time for all campaign participants and onboard of research aircraft. Examples of mesoscale precipitation patterns, rain rate accumulation, diurnal cycle, and vertical distribution are given to show the potential of the radar measurements for further studies on the life cycle of precipitating shallow cumulus clouds and other related aspects. Poldirad data from the EUREC4A campaign are available on the EUREC4A AERIS database: https://doi.org/10.25326/218 (Hagen et al., 2021a) for raw data and https://doi.org/10.25326/217 (Hagen et al., 2021b) for gridded data.

scholarly journals Trade-wind clouds and aerosols characterized by airborne horizontal lidar measurements during the EUREC<sup>4</sup>A field campaign

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 2919-2936
Author(s):  
Patrick Chazette ◽  
Julien Totems ◽  
Alexandre Baron ◽  
Cyrille Flamant ◽  
Sandrine Bony
Keyword(s):  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Trade Wind ◽  
Shallow Convection ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Lidar Measurements ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Cloud Mask

Abstract. From 23 January to 13 February 2020, 20 manned research flights were conducted over the tropical Atlantic, off the coast of Barbados (13∘30′ N, 58∘30′ W), to characterize the trade-wind clouds generated by shallow convection. These flights were conducted as part of the international EUREC4A (Elucidating the role of cloud–circulation coupling in climate) field campaign. One of the objectives of these flights was to characterize the trade-wind cumuli at their base for a range of meteorological conditions, convective mesoscale organizations and times of the day, with the help of sidewards-staring remote sensing instruments (lidar and radar). This paper presents the datasets associated with horizontal lidar measurements. The lidar sampled clouds from a lateral window of the aircraft over a range of about 8 km, with a horizontal resolution of 15 m, over a rectangle pattern of 20 km by 130 km. The measurements made possible the characterization of the size distribution of clouds near their base and the presence of dust-like aerosols within and above the marine boundary layer. This paper presents the measurements and the different levels of data processing, ranging from the raw Level 1 data (https://doi.org/10.25326/57; Chazette et al., 2020c) to the Level 2 and Level 3 processed data that include a horizontal cloud mask (https://doi.org/10.25326/58; Chazette et al., 2020b) and aerosol extinction coefficients (https://doi.org/10.25326/59; Chazette et al., 2020a). An intermediate level, companion to Level 1 data (Level 1.5), is also available for calibrated and geolocalized data (https://doi.org/10.25326/57; Chazette et al., 2020c).

Talking, Reading, and Writing on Smartphones

2020 ◽  
pp. 407-422
Author(s):  
Naomi S. Baron
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Reading Habits ◽  
Internet Protocols ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Reading Material ◽  
Voice Calls ◽  
News Headlines ◽  
Communication Preference

Mobile phones have increasingly been transformed from speaking technologies to devices for reading and writing. Cost helped drive this shift since written short messages were historically less expensive than voice calls. A second factor was communication preference for texting over talking, especially among younger users. With ready Internet access on smartphones, reading habits began shifting as well. Social networking messages, along with other short texts such as weather reports or news headlines, made for obvious reading material, as did the plethora of longer written documents available online. The e-book revolution enabled readers to retrieve entire books on their phones. Mobile phones are also writing platforms. Developments in hardware and software dramatically simplified the input process. Instead of multi-taps, users now rely on virtual keyboards for easy access not only to alphanumeric characters and punctuation marks but also to sophisticated predictive texting and autocorrection. Interestingly, while technically we are writing when inputting text on smartphones, many users do not perceive such input as real “writing”—a term they reserve for writing by hand or with a computer. Additional writing issues include norms regarding so-called textisms, along with the role of culture in shaping attitudes regarding linguistic correctness. Many organizations are discontinuing voicemail systems in favor of written messaging. At the same time, voice over Internet protocols continue to grow, and small voice-activated social robots designed for home use are proliferating. The chapter closes by asking what the spoken–written balance on smartphones might look like in the future.

Neuronal regulation of renal function: A model system for nervous system interactions

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 733-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Michael Wyss
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Renal Nerves ◽  
Clinical Consequence ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Renal Nerve ◽  
Renal Nerve Activity

The kidney is the most highly innervated peripheral organ, and both the excretory and endocrine functions of the kidney are regulated by renal nerve activity. The kidney plays a dominant role in body fluid homeostasis, blood ionic concentration, and pH and thereby contributes importantly to systemic blood pressure control. Early studies suggested that the neural-renal interactions were responsible only for short-term adjustments in renal function, but more recent studies indicate that the renal nerves may be a major contributor to chronic renal defects leading to established hypertension and (or) renal disease. The neural-renal interaction is also of considerable interest as a model to elucidate the interplay between the nervous system and peripheral organs, since there is abundant anatomical and physiological information characterizing the renal nerves. The investigator has easy access to the renal nerves and the neural influence on renal function is directly quantifiable both in vivo and in vitro. In this symposium that was presented at the 1990 annual convention of the Society for Neuroscience in St. Louis, Missouri, three prominent researchers evaluate the most recent progress in understanding the interplay between the nervous system and the kidney and explore how the results of these studies relate to the broader questions concerning the nervous system's interactions.First, Luciano Barajas examines the detailed anatomy of the intrarenal distribution of the efferent and afferent renal nerves along the nephron and vasculature, and he evaluates the physiological role of each of the discrete components of the innervation. His basic science orientation combined with his deep appreciation of the clinical consequence of the failure of neural-renal regulation enhances his discussion of the anatomy. Ulla C. Kopp discusses the role of the renorenal reflex, which alters renal responses following stimulation of the contralateral kidney. She also considers her recent findings that efferent renal nerve activity can directly modify sensory feedback to the spinal cord from the kidney. Finally, J. Michael Wyss examines the functional consequences of neural control of the kidney in health and disease. Although the nervous system has often been considered as only an acute regulator of visceral function, current studies into hypertension and renal disease suggest that neural-renal dysfunction may be an important contributor to chronic diseases.Together, these presentations examine most of the recent advances in the area of neural-renal interactions and point out how these data form a basis for future research into neuronal interactions with all visceral organs. The relative simplicity of the neural-renal interaction makes this system an important model with which to elucidate all neural-peripheral and neural-neural interactions.

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