scholarly journals Blockworlds 0.1.0: A demonstration of anti-aliased geophysics for probabilistic inversions of implicit and kinematic geological models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Scalzo ◽  
Mark Lindsay ◽  
Mark Jessell ◽  
Guillaume Pirot ◽  
Jeremie Giraud ◽  
...  

Abstract. Parametric geological models such as implicit or kinematic models provide low-dimensional, interpretable representations of 3-D geological structures. Combining these models with geophysical data in a probabilistic joint inversion framework provides an opportunity to directly quantify uncertainty in geological interpretations. For best results, the projection of the geological parameter space onto the finite-resolution discrete basis of the geophysical calculation must be faithful within the power of the data to discriminate. We show that naively exporting voxelised geology as done in commonly used geological modeling tools can easily produce a poor approximation to the true geophysical likelihood, degrading posterior inference for structural parameters. We then demonstrate a numerical forward-modeling scheme for calculating anti-aliased rock properties on regular meshes for use with gravity and magnetic sensors. Finally, we explore anti-aliasing in the context of a kinematic forward model for simple tectonic histories, showing its impact on the structure of the geophysical likelihood for gravity anomaly.

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Nilgün Güdük ◽  
Miguel de la Varga ◽  
Janne Kaukolinna ◽  
Florian Wellmann

Structural geological models are widely used to represent relevant geological interfaces and property distributions in the subsurface. Considering the inherent uncertainty of these models, the non-uniqueness of geophysical inverse problems, and the growing availability of data, there is a need for methods that integrate different types of data consistently and consider the uncertainties quantitatively. Probabilistic inference provides a suitable tool for this purpose. Using a Bayesian framework, geological modeling can be considered as an integral part of the inversion and thereby naturally constrain geophysical inversion procedures. This integration prevents geologically unrealistic results and provides the opportunity to include geological and geophysical information in the inversion. This information can be from different sources and is added to the framework through likelihood functions. We applied this methodology to the structurally complex Kevitsa deposit in Finland. We started with an interpretation-based 3D geological model and defined the uncertainties in our geological model through probability density functions. Airborne magnetic data and geological interpretations of borehole data were used to define geophysical and geological likelihoods, respectively. The geophysical data were linked to the uncertain structural parameters through the rock properties. The result of the inverse problem was an ensemble of realized models. These structural models and their uncertainties are visualized using information entropy, which allows for quantitative analysis. Our results show that with our methodology, we can use well-defined likelihood functions to add meaningful information to our initial model without requiring a computationally-heavy full grid inversion, discrepancies between model and data are spotted more easily, and the complementary strength of different types of data can be integrated into one framework.


Geophysics ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. T55-T66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Wenzlau ◽  
Tobias M. Müller

Numerical modeling of seismic waves in heterogeneous, porous reservoir rocks is an important tool for interpreting seismic surveys in reservoir engineering. Various theoretical studies derive effective elastic moduli and seismic attributes from complex rock properties, involving patchy saturation and fractured media. To confirm and further develop rock-physics theories for reservoir rocks, accurate numerical modeling tools are required. Our 2D velocity-stress, finite-difference scheme simulates waves within poroelastic media as described by Biot’s theory. The scheme is second order in time, contains high-order spatial derivative operators, and is parallelized using the domain-decomposition technique. A series of numerical experiments that are compared to exact analytical solutions allow us to assess the stability conditions and dispersion relations of the explicit poroelastic finite-differ-ence method. The focus of the experiments is to model wave-induced flow accurately in the vicinity of mesoscopic heterogeneities such as cracks and gas inclusions in partially saturated rocks. For that purpose, a suitable numerical setup is applied to extract seismic attenuation and dispersion from quasi-static experiments. Our results confirm that finite-difference modeling is a valuable tool to simulate wave propa-gation in heterogeneous poroelastic media, provided the temporal and spatial scales of the propagating waves and of the induced fluid-diffusion processes are resolved properly.


2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 752-762
Author(s):  
I.V. Mikhaylov ◽  
V.N. Glinskikh ◽  
M.N. Nikitenko ◽  
I.V. Surodina

1999 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Donath

Spin-polarised electrons provide unique experimental access to magnetic properties of surfaces and layered structures. The combined use of different techniques allows us to develop a microscopic picture of the physics underlying the macroscopic magnetic properties, e.g. magnetic phase transitions, magnetic coupling phenomena, exceptional surface magnetic properties. In this paper, two techniques are described together with the kind of questions addressed by them. Spin-resolved appearance potential spectroscopy gives local magnetic information about multi-component systems by probing the spin-dependent local density of unoccupied states. Spin-resolved inverse photo-emission measures specific electron states above the Fermi level. In particular, two-dimensional states serve as magnetic sensors at surfaces. Examples from surfaces as well as thin-film structures of band and local-moment ferromagnets are presented.


2008 ◽  
Vol 392-394 ◽  
pp. 471-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Huo Li ◽  
X.H. Ma

A continuous miner is one of wall mechanized coal face; its design quality and performance have directly effect on coal productivity and economic benefits. A pick on a continuous miner, contacting with coal and rock, is a tool cutting directly coal and rock, its force condition during it cuts determines directly loads of the cutting mechanism, pick wear and tear, fabric vibration and cutting performance of the machine, is the basis for the design of a continuous miner. By considering a variety of factors, a mathematical model, including the coal and rock properties, structural parameters of a pick, pick sequence, cutting parameters of the continuous miner, is established in the paper, visualization software which can be directly reflected pick' forces on the continuous miner is design. On this basis, pick' forces of a continuous miner under different working conditions are simulated and studied, which create conditions for understanding pick' force during cutting process of a continuous miner, computer-aided design of the cutting mechanism, dynamic design and research of the machine.


2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. SE1-SE14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Weir ◽  
David W. Eaton ◽  
Larry R. Lines ◽  
Donald C. Lawton ◽  
Eneanwan Ekpo

We have developed an interpretive seismic workflow that incorporates multicomponent seismic inversion, guided by structural mapping, for characterizing low-permeability unconventional reservoirs. The workflow includes the determination of a calibrated time-depth relationship, generation of seismic-derived structural maps, poststack inversion, amplitude-variation-with-offset analysis, and PP-PS joint inversion. The subsequent interpretation procedure combines structural and inversion results with seismic-derived lithologic parameters, such as the Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and brittleness index. We applied this workflow to a 3D multicomponent seismic data set from the Duvernay play in the Kaybob area in Alberta, Canada. Subtle faults are discernible using isochron maps, horizontal time slices, and seismic stratal slices. Fault-detection software is also used to aid in the delineation of structural discontinuities. We found that seismic-derived attributes, coupled with structural mapping, can be used to map reservoir facies and thus to highlight zones that are most favorable for hydraulic-fracture stimulation. By imaging structural discontinuities and preexisting zones of weakness, seismic mapping also contributes to an improved framework for understanding the induced-seismicity risk.


2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meike Hintze ◽  
Barbara Plasse ◽  
Kristian Bär ◽  
Ingo Sass

Abstract. The northern Upper Rhine Graben is due to its tectonic setting and the positive geothermal anomaly a key region for geothermal heat and power production in Europe. In this area the Upper Eocene to Lower Oligocene Pechelbronn Group reaches depths of up to 2800 m with temperatures of locally more than 130 ∘C. In order to assess the hydrothermal potential of the Pechelbronn Group a large dataset is compiled and evaluated. Petrophysical parameters are measured on core samples of eight boreholes (courtesy of Exxon Mobil). Additionally, 15 gamma-ray logs, 99 lithology logs as well as more than 2500 porosity and permeability measurements on cores of some of these boreholes are available. The Lower Pechelbronn Beds are composed of fluvial to lacustrine sediments, the Middle Pechelbronn Beds were deposited in a brackish to marine environment and the Upper Pechelbronn Beds consist of fluvial/alluvial to marine deposits. In between the western and eastern masterfaults of the Upper Rhine Graben several fault blocks exist, with fault orientation being sub-parallel to the graben shoulders. During the syntectonic deposition of the Pechelbronn Group these fault blocks acted as isolated depocenters, resulting in considerable thickness and depositional facies variations on the regional and local scale (few tens to several hundreds of meters). Laboratory measurements of sonic wave velocity, density, porosity, permeability, thermal conductivity and diffusivity are conducted on the core samples that are classified into lithofacies groups. Statistically evaluated petrophysical parameters are assigned to each group. The gamma-ray logs serve to verify the lithological classification and can further be used for correlation analysis or joint inversion with the petrophysical data. Well data, seismic sections, isolines and geological profiles are used to construct a geological 3-D model. It is planned to use the petrophysical, thermal and hydraulic rock properties at a later stage to parametrize the model unit and to determine, together with the temperature and thickness of the model unit, the expected flow rates and reservoir temperatures and thus the hydrothermal potential.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Förderer ◽  
Florian Wellmann ◽  
Florian Wagner

<p>Geophysical imaging is subject to inherent non-uniqueness due to the ill-posed nature of the inverse problem. To mitigate this, the solution is commonly subjected to regularization. Smoothing regularization is widely used in practice, but produces high-dimensional images without sharp contrasts between geological units. These tomograms stand in contrast to current implicit geological models, which are able to produce sharp subsurface interfaces with complex geometries using low-dimensional parametrizations. This work aims to bring together modelling concepts from geophysics and geology using the example of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT).</p><p>An implicit geological model is used as the centerpiece of a 2D ERT inversion within a deterministic Gauss-Newton framework. The points that define the surfaces of the geological model are included into the model vector of the inverse problem along with a low-dimensional pilot point parametrization of the subsurface electrical resistivity. The point-based parameterization is translated to a triangular finite-element mesh to solve the geoelectrical forward problem. Sensitivities for the geological interfaces and resistivity parameters are efficiently calculated based on finite-differences and the reciprocity theorem, respectively. Each iteration step produces an update of both the geological interface as well as the parameter fields.</p><p>The approach converges to an updated geological model and a distribution of subsurface resistivity, which are in accordance with the measured data. The tomograms show sharply localized and realistic subsurface interfaces that are described by only a few parameters. While the imaging of small-scale heterogeneities is challenging and would require a locally increased number of pilot points, the current approach allows for the estimation of smoothly distributed heterogeneities. Further advantages of the approach lie in the improved integration of a-priori geological knowledge, the straightforward extension to 3D, and the applicability to other geophysical methods as well as joint inversion.</p>


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