Experimental Study on Prevention of Thermal Runaway Propagation in Pouch-type Lithium-ion Batteries

In this study, thermal runaway propagation characteristics and measures to prevent this phenomenon were analyzed by applying abnormal thermal conditions to pouch-type lithium-ion batteries. Experiments were conducted in a 1.5 m × 1.5 m × 1.5 m experimental chamber. During the experiment, pouch-type lithium-ion batteries were grouped according to capacity, quantity, and the use of fire extinguishing agents. Experiments showed that when thermal runaway occurred in a cell, it propagated to the adjacent cell after a certain period. The surface temperature of the cell where thermal runaway first occurred was above 200 ℃, and thermal runaway propagated via heat transfer to the adjacent cell. In the case of thermal runaway, when a fire extinguishing agent was applied, the propagation of thermal runaway to adjacent cells was prevented due to a cooling effect. However, at a cell capacity of 100 Ah, flame generation persisted and thermal runaway was unavoidable. To prevent thermal runaway propagation, it is necessary to select an extinguishing agent that exerts a cooling effect. The capacity and structure of the model unit should be considered when installing fire extinguishing systems.

PENGEMBANGAN E-MODUL (MODEL UNIT LESSON) DI DAERAH MINIM INTERNET BERBASIS KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR HIPOTETIKAL DEDUKTIF

Pembelajaran jarak jauh dengan menggunakan daring tidak sepenuhnya dapat dilakukan pada wilayah minim internet, dan sistem penugasan belum dapat memberikan hasil pemahaman dan hasil belajar siswa meningkat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan e-modul pada daerah minim internet dengan topik hukum Newton tentang gravitasi. Metode yang dilakukan adalah melakukan validasi hasil pengembangan modul dengan empat validator yang terdiri dari dosen dan guru. Angket validasi lmodul berupa validasi materi dan validasi produk. Responden yang diujikan sebanyak 23 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa validasi materi memiliki nilai reliabilitas sebesar 0,8 dan valiadi produk memiliki nilai reliabilitas sebesar 0,64. Hasil analisis keefektifan e-modul yang diberikan kepada peserta didik diperoleh skor rata- rata 3,5. Skor ini masuk dalam kategori efektif.

Multibranch Formal Neuron: An Internally Nonlinear Learning Unit

The transformation of synaptic input into action potential in nerve cells is strongly influenced by the morphology of the dendritic arbor as well as the synaptic efficacy map. The multiplicity of dendritic branches strikingly enables a single cell to act as a highly nonlinear processing element. Studies have also found functional synaptic clustering whereby synapses that encode a common sensory feature are spatially clustered together on the branches. Motivated by these findings, here we introduce a multibranch formal model of the neuron that can integrate synaptic inputs nonlinearly through collective action of its dendritic branches and yields synaptic clustering. An analysis in support of its use as a computational building block is offered. Also offered is an accompanying gradient descent–based learning algorithm. The model unit spans a wide spectrum of nonlinearities, including the parity problem, and can outperform the multilayer perceptron in generalizing to unseen data. The occurrence of synaptic clustering boosts the generalization efficiency of the unit, which may also be the answer for the puzzling ubiquity of synaptic clustering in the real neurons. Our theoretical analysis is backed up by simulations. The study could pave the way to new artificial neural networks.

Automatic Tsunami Barrier

The Anti-Tsunami Laboratory (ATL) invented and developed the Anti-Tsunami Door (ATD) barrier as an automatic tsunami barrier. In September 2018, ATL and Kyoto University tested a mid-scale model of a three-stage ATD unit and confirmed its performance: (1) functioning automatically (refer to Figure 9); (2) achieving reasonable wave height reduction, which is approximately 40%–80% that of a solid barrier of the same height; and (3) demonstrating reasonable strength for a wooden structure under the mid-scale model test conditions. ATL had planned to test a large-scale model of an ATD unit in Oregon State University in May 2020, but that test has been delayed owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. Because the wave pressure on the ATD unit is expected to be high during the large-scale model test, ATL requested that the Explosion Research Institute (ERI) simulate the wave pressure on a large-scale model ATD unit, and based on the results, ATL will reinforce the ATD unit. After testing the large-scale model unit, ATL will install ATD barriers along the coast of Japan, customizing the barrier for specific tsunami hazards.

The Strategy for Constructing the Structure: Pt-O-Ce3+ Applied in Efficient NOx Removal

Exploring a unique structure with superior catalytic performance has remained a severe challenge in many important catalytic reactions. Here, we reported a phenomenon that CeO2-based catalysts loaded with different Pt precursors showed a significant difference in the performance of the reduction of NO with H2. The supported platinum nitrate [PtCe(N)] exhibited a superior low-temperature catalytic performance than the supported chloroplatinic acid [PtCe(C)]. In a wide operating temperature (125–200°C), more than 80% NOx conversion was achieved over PtCe(N) as well as excellent thermal stability. Various characterizations were used to study the microstructure and chemical electronic states. Results showed the introduction of a low valence state of Pt species into the CeO2 resulted in the rearrangement of charges on the surface of CeO2, accompanied by increasing contents of oxygen vacancies and Ce3+ sites. Furthermore, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectra confirmed that the divalent Pt atom could substitute Ce atom to form the Pt-O-Ce3+ structure, which was the base unit in the high-performance PtCe(N) catalyst. The tunable catalytic system of the Pt-O-Ce3+ structure provides a strategy for the design of supported metal catalysts and may as a model unit for future studies of many other reactions.

Supplemental Material: Protogenetic sulfide inclusions in diamonds date the diamond formation event using Re-Os isotopes

Description of Rietveld refinements and composition of the Mss, reciprocal crystallographic orientations and Os diffusion model, unit-cell parameters of pyrrhotite single crystals, and orientation matrices for both inclusions and hosts.<br>

Supplemental Material: Protogenetic sulfide inclusions in diamonds date the diamond formation event using Re-Os isotopes

Description of Rietveld refinements and composition of the Mss, reciprocal crystallographic orientations and Os diffusion model, unit-cell parameters of pyrrhotite single crystals, and orientation matrices for both inclusions and hosts.<br>

Digital unit of society and public administration

Digital transformation of society and Russian economy has become a significant task for governing authorities and dictates the need for further changes at the level of the final consumer of these transformations – a person included in the system of network relationships, where family is the primary unit. Although family personifies traditional parental relations, it has its own dynamic processes taking place within it; they are associated with age, gender, status, and other differences that are intensified during the digitalization of society. Using the example of a model family, with its traditions and values, consisting of retirees (grandparents), parents (adults), and children from pre-school age to adolescents starting an independent life, the author proposes to consider changes that the state policy in the field of digital economy and digital society will bring in the life of such model unit of society. The modern family is an interested and active subject of the digital space. Taking into account the above, the authors are sure that it is necessary to conduct more active state policy in this direction. The lack of research on this topic also emphasizes the relevance of this article.

Characterization of the airflow field in the rotor spinning unit based on a novel experimental approach and numerical simulation

It is very challenging to experimentally characterize and verify the airflow in the rotor spinning machine because the process takes place in an enclosure. In an attempt to portray the process, we present a methodology that combines a novel experimental approach and numerical techniques. We developed a model unit and used colored smoke to mimic the airflow behavior practically, measured the air pressure, and compared the results to the simulation data. Three state conditions, namely suction and rotation (the regular rotor spinning operation, (Case 1)), without rotation (Case 2), and without suction (Case 3), were adopted to investigate the formation mechanism of the airflow field in the rotor spinning unit based on two operating conditions. Results show that, in a regular state, the airstream accelerates rapidly in the transfer channel under the dominant action of air suction at the rotor outlet and crashes clockwise to the rotor wall with the joint action of two operating conditions. In the rotor, the airflow flows clockwise with the velocity distribution of a multi-ring gradient due to the dominant action of high-speed rotor rotation. Analytics from the air pressure indicate that while the air pressure in the rotor is mainly controlled by the action of the air suction mechanism, it is also affected by the superposition action of the rotation mechanism. This approach is groundbreaking for rotor spinning machine optimization and is anticipated to trigger more insights that will lead to fundamental research in the spinning industry and beyond.