scholarly journals Image based 3D city modeling : Comparative study

2014 ◽  
Vol XL-5 ◽  
pp. 537-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.P. Singh ◽  
K. Jain ◽  
V.R. Mandla
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Large City ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
User Community ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
City Modeling ◽  
City Model ◽  
Institute Of Technology

3D city model is a digital representation of the Earth’s surface and it’s related objects such as building, tree, vegetation, and some manmade feature belonging to urban area. The demand of 3D city modeling is increasing rapidly for various engineering and non-engineering applications. Generally four main image based approaches were used for virtual 3D city models generation. In first approach, researchers were used Sketch based modeling, second method is Procedural grammar based modeling, third approach is Close range photogrammetry based modeling and fourth approach is mainly based on Computer Vision techniques. SketchUp, CityEngine, Photomodeler and Agisoft Photoscan are the main softwares to represent these approaches respectively. These softwares have different approaches & methods suitable for image based 3D city modeling. Literature study shows that till date, there is no complete such type of comparative study available to create complete 3D city model by using images. <br><br> This paper gives a comparative assessment of these four image based 3D modeling approaches. This comparative study is mainly based on data acquisition methods, data processing techniques and output 3D model products. For this research work, study area is the campus of civil engineering department, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee (India). This 3D campus acts as a prototype for city. This study also explains various governing parameters, factors and work experiences. This research work also gives a brief introduction, strengths and weakness of these four image based techniques. Some personal comment is also given as what can do or what can’t do from these softwares. <br><br> At the last, this study shows; it concluded that, each and every software has some advantages and limitations. Choice of software depends on user requirements of 3D project. For normal visualization project, SketchUp software is a good option. For 3D documentation record, Photomodeler gives good result. For Large city reconstruction; CityEngine is a good product. Agisoft Photoscan software creates much better 3D model with good texture quality and automatic processing. So this image based comparative study is useful for 3D city user community. Thus this study will provide a good roadmap for geomatics user community to create photo-realistic virtual 3D city model by using image based techniques.

scholarly journals Creation and Spatial Analysis of 3D City Modeling based on GIS Data

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-123
Author(s):  
Heba K. Khayyal ◽  
Zaki M. Zeidan ◽  
Ashraf A. A. Beshr
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Creation Process ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
City Modeling ◽  
City Model ◽  
The Creation

The 3D city model is one of the crucial topics that are still under analysis by many engineers and programmers because of the great advancements in data acquisition technologies and 3D computer graphics programming. It is one of the best visualization methods for representing reality. This paper presents different techniques for the creation and spatial analysis of 3D city modeling based on Geographical Information System (GIS) technology using free data sources. To achieve that goal, the Mansoura University campus, located in Mansoura city, Egypt, was chosen as a case study. The minimum data requirements to generate a 3D city model are the terrain, 2D spatial features such as buildings, landscape area and street networks. Moreover, building height is an important attribute in the 3D extrusion process. The main challenge during the creation process is the dearth of accurate free datasets, and the time-consuming editing. Therefore, different data sources are used in this study to evaluate their accuracy and find suitable applications which can use the generated 3D model. Meanwhile, an accurate data source obtained using the traditional survey methods is used for the validation purpose. First, the terrain was obtained from a digital elevation model (DEM) and compared with grid leveling measurements. Second, 2D data were obtained from: the manual digitization from (30 cm) high-resolution imagery, and deep learning structure algorithms to detect the 2D features automatically using an object instance segmentation model and compared the results with the total station survey observations. Different techniques are used to investigate and evaluate the accuracy of these data sources. The procedural modeling technique is applied to generate the 3D city model. TensorFlow & Keras frameworks (Python APIs) were used in this paper; moreover, global mapper, ArcGIS Pro, QGIS and CityEngine software were used. The precision metrics from the trained deep learning model were 0.78 for buildings, 0.62 for streets and 0.89 for landscape areas. Despite, the manual digitizing results are better than the results from deep learning, but the extracted features accuracy is accepted and can be used in the creation process in the cases not require a highly accurate 3D model. The flood impact scenario is simulated as an application of spatial analysis on the generated 3D city model. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-01-08 Full Text: PDF

scholarly journals A new approach towards image based virtual 3D city modeling by using close range photogrammetry

2014 ◽  
Vol II-5 ◽  
pp. 329-337
Author(s):  
S.P. Singh ◽  
K. Jain ◽  
V.R. Mandla
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Close Range Photogrammetry ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
City Modeling ◽  
Close Range ◽  
City Model ◽  
Data Acquisition Process

3D city model is a digital representation of the Earth's surface and it’s related objects such as building, tree, vegetation, and some manmade feature belonging to urban area. The demand of 3D city modeling is increasing day to day for various engineering and non-engineering applications. Generally three main image based approaches are using for virtual 3D city models generation. In first approach, researchers used Sketch based modeling, second method is Procedural grammar based modeling and third approach is Close range photogrammetry based modeling. Literature study shows that till date, there is no complete solution available to create complete 3D city model by using images. These image based methods also have limitations <br><br> This paper gives a new approach towards image based virtual 3D city modeling by using close range photogrammetry. This approach is divided into three sections. First, data acquisition process, second is 3D data processing, and third is data combination process. In data acquisition process, a multi-camera setup developed and used for video recording of an area. Image frames created from video data. Minimum required and suitable video image frame selected for 3D processing. In second section, based on close range photogrammetric principles and computer vision techniques, 3D model of area created. In third section, this 3D model exported to adding and merging of other pieces of large area. Scaling and alignment of 3D model was done. After applying the texturing and rendering on this model, a final photo-realistic textured 3D model created. This 3D model transferred into walk-through model or in movie form. Most of the processing steps are automatic. So this method is cost effective and less laborious. Accuracy of this model is good. For this research work, study area is the campus of department of civil engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. This campus acts as a prototype for city. Aerial photography is restricted in many country and high resolution satellite images are costly. In this study, proposed method is based on only simple video recording of area. Thus this proposed method is suitable for 3D city modeling. <br><br> Photo-realistic, scalable, geo-referenced virtual 3D city model is useful for various kinds of applications such as for planning in navigation, tourism, disasters management, transportations, municipality, urban and environmental managements, real-estate industry. Thus this study will provide a good roadmap for geomatics community to create photo-realistic virtual 3D city model by using close range photogrammetry.

3D Hilbert Space Filling Curves in 3D City Modeling for Faster Spatial Queries

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Uznir Ujang ◽  
Francois Anton ◽  
Suhaibah Azri ◽  
Alias Abdul Rahman ◽  
Darka Mioc
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Model Data ◽  
Space Filling ◽  
Space Filling Curves ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
City Modeling ◽  
City Model ◽  
City Models

The advantages of three dimensional (3D) city models can be seen in various applications including photogrammetry, urban and regional planning, computer games, etc. They expand the visualization and analysis capabilities of Geographic Information Systems on cities, and they can be developed using web standards. However, these 3D city models consume much more storage compared to two dimensional (2 D) spatial data. They involve extra geometrical and topological information together with semantic data. Without a proper spatial data clustering method and its corresponding spatial data access method, retrieving portions of and especially searching these 3D city models, will not be done optimally. Even though current developments are based on an open data model allotted by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) called CityGML, its XML-based structure makes it challenging to cluster the 3D urban objects. In this research, the authors propose an opponent data constellation technique of space-filling curves (3D Hilbert curves) for 3D city model data representation. Unlike previous methods, that try to project 3D or n-dimensional data down to 2D or 3D using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) or Hilbert mappings, in this research, they extend the Hilbert space-filling curve to one higher dimension for 3D city model data implementations. The query performance was tested for single object, nearest neighbor and range search queries using a CityGML dataset of 1,000 building blocks and the results are presented in this paper. The advantages of implementing space-filling curves in 3D city modeling will improve data retrieval time by means of optimized 3D adjacency, nearest neighbor information and 3D indexing. The Hilbert mapping, which maps a sub-interval of the ([0,1]) interval to the corresponding portion of the d-dimensional Hilbert's curve, preserves the Lebesgue measure and is Lipschitz continuous. Depending on the applications, several alternatives are possible in order to cluster spatial data together in the third dimension compared to its clustering in 2 D.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATING THE ENRICHMENT OF A 3D CITY MODEL WITH VARIOUS CITYGML MODULES

2016 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W2 ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Floros ◽  
E. Dimopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Data Conversion ◽  
Future Research ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
3D Data ◽  
City Modeling ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
City Model ◽  
3D Acquisition ◽  
Conversion Tool

Recent developments in the massive 3D acquisition area made possible the generation of dense and precise 3D data, ranging from the representation of a simple building to a whole city. Nowadays, increasing urbanization, rapid growth of urban areas, and subsequently development of mega cities, are among the most important changes occurring worldwide. Therefore, developing techniques to manage these cities seems quite necessary. The aim of this paper is to investigate the enrichment of a 3D City Model with additional attributes, via appropriate CityGML Modules. The paper focuses on addressing the challenging issues that derive from a complex virtual 3D city modeling. More specifically, the paper investigates a complex built-up area, presenting and analyzing its constituting structures. Within this framework, the following CityGML modules are investigated: Bridge, Transportation Complex, CityFurniture, Land Use and Vegetation. To this purpose, the BIM-Standard software Trimble SketchUp and the data conversion tool FME are used. The processes of both modeling and converting are analyzed in detail. General conclusions and future research considerations are presented.

CityGML LOD1 Model Development and Disseminating Through Region Based OGC WFS Requests

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Sunitha Abburu ◽  
Suresh Babu Golla
Keyword(s):  
Web Services ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
User Choice ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
City Model ◽  
Model Development Process

3D city model construction adopting OGC standards is the need of the hour for many countries. Research is heading towards effective methods for data collection for the 3D city model development process and disseminating all 3D city objects data of a specific user choice of region, through OGC web services. The current research work aims at building 3DCity LOD1 models using 2D geospatial data, disseminating the 3DCity objects information through OGC web services for a geographic region, building an ADE for modelling critical infrastructure such as electric lines, water pipes, etc., and modelling 2D critical infrastructure data in 3D CityGML model using the ADE. Models can be visualized using any CityGML visualizer like FME, Aristoteles, etc. The CityGML model is validated using OGC CityGML schema validator. Sample region based WFS results are shown along with the WFS performance test using a web services benchmark. CI ADE is validated through writing powerlines geospatial feature into CityGML model.

scholarly journals GENERATING, STORING, UPDATING AND DISSEMINATING A COUNTRYWIDE 3D MODEL

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-4/W1-2020 ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
B. Dukai ◽  
R. Peters ◽  
T. Wu ◽  
T. Commandeur ◽  
H. Ledoux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Structure ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
3D Data ◽  
City Model ◽  
Structure Height ◽  
City Models

Abstract. As in many countries, in The Netherlands governmental organisations are acquiring 3D city models to support their public tasks. However, this is still being done within individual organisation, resulting in differences in 3D city models within one country and sometimes covering the same area: i.e. differences in data structure, height references used, update cycle, data quality, use of the 3D data etc. In addition, often only large governmental organisations can afford investing in 3D city models (and the required knowledge) and not small organisations, like small municipalities. To address this problem, the Dutch Kadaster is collaborating with the 3D Geoinformation research group at TU Delft to generate and disseminate a 3D city model covering the whole of the Netherlands and to do this in a sustainable manner, i.e. with an implementation that ensures periodical updates and that aligns with the 3D city models of other governmental organisations, such as large cities. This article describes the workflow that has been developed and implemented.

scholarly journals INTERACTIVE 3D CITY VISUALIZATION FROM STRUCTURE MOTION DATA USING GAME ENGINE

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W16 ◽  
pp. 737-740
Author(s):  
D. Laksono ◽  
T. Aditya ◽  
G. Riyadi
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Point Cloud ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Game Engine ◽  
Cloud Data ◽  
Motion Data ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
City Model ◽  
Interactive 3D

Abstract. Developing a 3D city model is always a challenging task, whether on how to obtain the 3D data or how to present the model to users. Lidar is often used to produce real-world measurement, resulting in point clouds which further processed into a 3D model. However, this method possesses some limitation, e.g. tedious, expensive works and high technicalities, which limits its usability in a smaller area. Currently, there exists pipeline utilize point-clouds from Lidar data to automate the generation of 3D city model. For example, 3dfier (http://github.com/tudelft3d/3dfier) is a software capable of generating LoD 1 3D city model from lidar point cloud data. The resulting CityGML file could further be used in a 3D GIS viewer to produce an interactive 3D city model. This research proposed the use of Structure from Motion (SfM) method to obtain point cloud from UAV data. Using SfM to generate point clouds means cheaper and shorter production time, as well as more suitable for smaller area compared to LiDAR. 3Dfier could be utilized to produce 3D model from the point cloud. Subsequently, a game engine, i.e. Unity 3D, is utilized as the visualization platform. Previous works shows that a game engine could be used as an interactive environment for exploring virtual world based on real-world measurement and other data, such as parcel boundaries. This works shows that the process of generating 3D city model could be achieved using the proposed pipeline.

scholarly journals FIRST STEPS TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED CITYGML-BASED 3D MODEL OF VIENNA

2016 ◽  
Vol III-4 ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Agugiaro
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
First Results ◽  
Sustainable Energy Systems ◽  
City Model ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The City ◽  
City Models

This paper presents and discusses the results regarding the initial steps (selection, analysis, preparation and eventual integration of a number of datasets) for the creation of an integrated, semantic, three-dimensional, and CityGML-based virtual model of the city of Vienna. CityGML is an international standard conceived specifically as information and data model for semantic city models at urban and territorial scale. It is being adopted by more and more cities all over the world. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; The work described in this paper is embedded within the European Marie-Curie ITN project “Ci-nergy, Smart cities with sustainable energy systems”, which aims, among the rest, at developing urban decision making and operational optimisation software tools to minimise non-renewable energy use in cities. Given the scope and scale of the project, it is therefore vital to set up a common, unique and spatio-semantically coherent urban model to be used as information hub for all applications being developed. This paper reports about the experiences done so far, it describes the test area and the available data sources, it shows and exemplifies the data integration issues, the strategies developed to solve them in order to obtain the integrated 3D city model. The first results as well as some comments about their quality and limitations are presented, together with the discussion regarding the next steps and some planned improvements.

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