scholarly journals Comparison of the fall rate and structure of recent T-7 XBT manufactured by Sippican and TSK

Ocean Science ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kizu ◽  
C. Sukigara ◽  
K. Hanawa
Keyword(s):  
Quadratic Form ◽  
Rate Equation ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Fall Rate ◽  
Expendable Bathythermograph ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Fall Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Temperature Depth

Abstract. The fall rate of recent T-7 expendable bathythermograph (XBT; 760 m) is evaluated based on a series of concurrent measurement with a calibrated Conductivity Temperature Depth profiler (CTD) in the sea east of Japan. An emphasis is placed on comparing the fall rates of T-7 produced by the two present manufacturers, the Lockheed Martin Sippican Inc., and the Tsurumi Seiki Co. Ltd., which have been believed to be identical but had never been compared directly. It is found that the two manufacturers' T-7 fall at rates different by about 3.5%. The Sippican T-7 falls slower than given by the fall-rate equation (FRE) of Hanawa et al. (1995) by about 2.1%, and the TSK T-7 falls faster by about 1.4%. The fall-rate coefficients estimated based on the sea test by applying the equation of traditional quadratic form, d(t)=at−bt2 where d is depth in meters and t is the time elapsed, in seconds, are a=6.553 (m s−1) and b=0.00221 (m s−2) for the LMS T-7, and a=6.803 (m s−1) and b=0.00242 (m s−2) for the TSK T-7. By detail examination of the probes, we found that the two companies' T-7 have different total weight and many structural differences. Because the difference in the fall rate is about twice larger than the difference in weight (about 2%), it is inferred that the structural differences give sizable impact to the difference in their fall rates. Our results clearly show that the recent T-7 of the two companies needs to be discriminated.

scholarly journals Comparison of the fall rate and structure of recent T-7 XBT manufactured by Sippican and TSK

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1811-1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kizu ◽  
C. Sukigara ◽  
K. Hanawa
Keyword(s):  
Quadratic Form ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Fall Rate ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Expendable Bathythermograph ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Fall Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Temperature Depth

Abstract. The fall rate of recent T-7 expendable bathythermograph (XBT) is evaluated based on a series of concurrent measurement with a calibrated Conductivity Temperature Depth profiler (CTD) in the sea east of Japan. An emphasis is placed on comparing the fall rates of T-7 produced by the two present manufacturers, the Lockheed Martin Sippican Inc., and the Tsurumi Seiki Co. Ltd., which have been believed to be identical but had never been compared directly. It is found that the two manufacturers' T-7 fall at rates different by about 3.5%. The Sippican T-7 falls slower than the current standard equation by Hanawa et al. (1995) gives by about 2.1%, and the TSK T-7 falls faster than it tells by about 1.4%. The fall-rate coefficients estimated based on the present sea test by applying the equation of traditional quadratic form, d(t)=at−bt2 where d is depth in meters and t is the time elapsed, since the water entry of the probe, in seconds, are a=6.553 and b=0.00221 for the LMS T-7, and a=6.803 and b=0.00242 for the TSK T-7. By detail examination of the probes, it is revealed that the two companies' T-7 have different total weight and many structural differences. Because the difference in the fall rate is about twice larger than the difference in weight (about 2%), it is inferred that those structural differences give sizable impact to the difference in their fall rates. Our results clearly show that the recent T-7 of the two companies needs to be discriminated.

A New Fall-Rate Equation for T-5 Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT) by TSK

2005 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoichi Kizu ◽  
Hiroyuki Yoritaka ◽  
Kimio Hanawa
Keyword(s):  
Rate Equation ◽  
Fall Rate ◽  
Expendable Bathythermograph

scholarly journals Biases in Expendable Bathythermograph Data: A New View Based on Historical Side-by-Side Comparisons

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1195-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Cowley ◽  
Susan Wijffels ◽  
Lijing Cheng ◽  
Tim Boyer ◽  
Shoichi Kizu
Keyword(s):  
Time History ◽  
Fall Rate ◽  
Ocean Temperature ◽  
Temperature Bias ◽  
Deep Blue ◽  
Bias Model ◽  
Fitting Method ◽  
Expendable Bathythermograph ◽  
History Of ◽  
Temperature Depth

Abstract Because they make up 56% of ocean temperature profile data between 1967 and 2001, quantifying the biases in expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data is fundamental to understanding the evolution of the planetary energy and sea level budgets over recent decades. The nature and time history of these biases remain in dispute and dominate differences in analyses of the history of ocean warming. A database of over 4100 side-by-side deployments of XBTs and conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) data has been assembled, and this unique resource is used to characterize and separate out the pure temperature bias from depth error in a way that was not previously possible. Two independent methods of bias extraction confirm that the results are robust to bias model and fitting method. It was found that there is a pure temperature bias in Sippican probes of ~0.05°C, independent of depth. The temperature bias has a time dependency, being larger (~0.1°C) in the earlier analog acquisition era and being likely due to changes in recorder type. Large depth errors are found in the 1970s–80s in shallower-measuring Sippican T4/T6 probe types, but the deeper-measuring Sippican T7/Deep Blue (DB) types have no error during this time. The Sippican T7/DB fall rate slows from ~1990 onward. It is found that year-to-year variations in fall rate have a bigger effect on corrections to the global XBT database than do any small effects of ocean temperature on fall rate. This study has large implications for the future development of better schemes to correct the global historical XBT archive.

The fractional parts of an additive form

1972 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Quadratic Form ◽  
Analogous Result ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Forms Of Higher Degree ◽  
Additive Form ◽  
Real Quadratic

Heilbronn (6) proved that for every ε ≥ 0 and N ≥ 1 and every real θ there is an integer x such that,where C(ε) depends only on ε and ∥α∥ is the difference between α and the nearest integer, taken positively. Danicic(1) obtained an analogous result for the fractional parts of nkθ, the proof of this is more readily accessible in Davenport(4). Danicic(2) also obtained an estimate for the fractional parts of a real quadratic form in n variables, and in order to extend this result to forms of higher degree it is desirable to first obtain results for additive forms.

scholarly journals The role of vibrationally excited oxygen and nitrogen in the ionosphere during the undisturbed and geomagnetic storm period of 6-12 April 1990

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 589-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Loss Rate ◽  
Boltzmann Distribution ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Ion Chemistry ◽  
Vibrationally Excited ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
F Region ◽  
Neutral Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Excited Nitrogen

Abstract. We present a comparison of the observed behavior of the F-region ionosphere over Millstone Hill during the geomagnetically quiet and storm periods of 6–12 April 1990 with numerical model calculations from the IZMIRAN time-dependent mathematical model of the Earth's ionosphere and plasmasphere. The major enhancement to the IZMIRAN model developed in this study is the use of a new loss rate of O+(4S) ions as a result of new high-temperature flowing afterglow measurements of the rate coefficients K1 and K2 for the reactions of O+(4S) with N2 and O2. The deviations from the Boltzmann distribution for the first five vibrational levels of O2(v) were calculated, and the present study suggests that these deviations are not significant. It was found that the difference between the non-Boltzmann and Boltzmann distribution assumptions of O2(v) and the difference between ion and neutral temperature can lead to an increase of up to about 3 or a decrease of up to about 4 of the calculated NmF2 as a result of a respective increase or a decrease in K2. The IZMIRAN model reproduces major features of the data. We found that the inclusion of vibrationally excited N2(v > 0) and O2(v > 0) in the calculations improves the agreement between the calculated NmF2 and the data on 6, 9, and 10 April. However, both the daytime and nighttime densities are reproduced by the IZMIRAN model without the vibrationally excited nitrogen and oxygen on 8 and 11 April better than the IZMIRAN model with N2(v > 0) and O2(v > 0). This could be due to possible uncertainties in model neutral temperature and densities, EUV fluxes, rate coefficients, and the flow of ionization between the ionosphere and plasmasphere, and possible horizontal divergence of the flux of ionization above the station. Our calculations show that the increase in the O+ + N2 rate factor due to N2(v > 0) produces a 5-36 decrease in the calculated daytime peak density. The increase in the O++ O2 loss rate due to vibrational-ly excited O2 produces 8-46 reductions in NmF2. The effects of vibrationally excited O2 and N2 on Ne and Te are most pronounced during the daytime.Key words. Ion chemistry and composition · Ionosphere – atmosphere interactions · Ionospheric disturbances

scholarly journals Efficiency Droop and Effective Active Volume in GaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes Grown on Sapphire and Silicon Substrates

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
pp. 4160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryu ◽  
Ryu ◽  
Onwukaeme
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Well ◽  
Rate Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Efficiency Droop ◽  
Internal Electric Field ◽  
Active Volume ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Rate Equation Model ◽  
Sapphire Substrates ◽  
The Difference

We compared the efficiency droop of InGaN multiple-quantum-well (MQW) blue light-emitting diode (LED) structures grown on silicon(111) and c-plane sapphire substrates and analyzed the efficiency droop characteristics using the rate equation model with reduced effective active volume. The efficiency droop of the LED sample on silicon was observed to be reduced considerably compared with that of the identical LED sample on sapphire substrates. When the measured external quantum efficiency was fitted with the rate equation model, the effective active volume of the MQW on silicon was found to be ~1.45 times larger than that of the MQW on sapphire. The lower efficiency droop in the LED on silicon could be attributed to its larger effective active volume compared with the LED on sapphire. The simulation results showed that the effective active volume decreased as the internal electric fields increased, as a result of the reduced overlap of the electron and hole distribution inside the quantum well and the inhomogeneous carrier distribution in the MQWs. The difference in the internal electric field of the MQW between the LED on silicon and sapphire could be a major reason for the difference in the effective active volume, and consequently, the efficiency droop.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Changes in the Structure of the Transverse Arch of the Normal and Hallux Valgus Feet under Different Loading Positions

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hala Zeidan ◽  
Yusuke Suzuki ◽  
Yuu Kajiwara ◽  
Kengo Nakai ◽  
Kanako Shimoura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hallux Valgus ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Quiet Standing ◽  
Arch Height ◽  
Imaging Device ◽  
Transverse Arch ◽  
Weight Shift ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Imagej Software

The transverse arch of the foot receives and transfers loads during gait. We aim to identify the difference in its structure between normal feet and hallux valgus (HV) feet and the effects of loading. Two groups, Without-HV and With-HV (HV ≥ 20°), were assessed using a weight-bearing plantar ultrasound imaging device to view the structure of the transverse arch. Measurements were recorded in sitting, quiet standing, and 90% weight-shift (90% W.S.) loading positions on the tested foot. Images were then processed using ImageJ software to analyze the transverse arch length (TAL), the length between the metatarsal heads (MTHs), transverse arch height (TAH), and the height of each MTH. TAL significantly increased in all positions in the With-HV group compared to that in the Without-HV group. It also increased in both groups under loading. TAH was not significantly higher in the With-HV group than in the Without-HV group in sitting and standing positions, except in the 90% W.S position, where both groups showed similar results. TAH decreased in both groups under loading. In summary, the structure of the transverse arch changes in HV feet and under loading conditions. This finding will help understand the structural differences between normal and HV feet and help resolve shoe fit problems in individuals with HV deformity.

Ontogeny and heterochrony in the ostracode Cavellina Coryell from Lower Permian rocks in Kansas

Paleobiology ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter N. Schweitzer ◽  
Roger L. Kaesler ◽  
G. P. Lohmann
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Morphological Difference ◽  
Structural Difference ◽  
Lower Permian ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Know How ◽  
Taxonomic Level ◽  
Yield Information ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
The Difference

Animals evolve by changing their form and by changing the rate at which they develop. Since evolution of development through time may be directly related to the adaptation of their life histories, study of ontogeny in fossils may yield information about the ecology of extinct animals. We need to know how to measure animals' ontogeny and at what taxonomic level structural differences overshadow differences in development. Two closely related species of the Permian ostracode Cavellina were compared to determine how much of the morphological difference between them is due to differences in their ontogenies. Most of the difference is not related to ontogeny. They also differ in a way that could be explained by heterochrony, although this difference is secondary in importance to the structural difference. These findings suggest that ecological adaptation might best be studied by examining the changes in development that occur within species through time and space.

UJI COBA PERANGKAP UDANG DENGAN BENTUK YANG BERBEDA (EXPERIMENTAL FISHING WITH TRAP PRAWN DIFFERENT FORM)

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Irhamsyah Irhamsyah
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Macrobrachium Rosenbergii ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Total Catch ◽  
The Difference ◽  
De Man

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk  mengetahui perbedaan hasil tangkapan udang dari tamba dan ayunan modifikasi dan hasil tangkapan selain udang. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh perlakuan A (tamba) diperoleh hasil tangkapan udang sebanyak 52 ekor, dengan berat total 2.210 gram.  Perlakuan B (ayunan modifikasi lantai bambu), diperoleh hasil tangkapan udang sebanyak 29 ekor, dengan berat total  180 gram.  Total hasil tangkapan udang dengan menggunakan tamba dan ayunan modifikasi lantai bambu selama 16 hari pengamatan adalah 81 ekor dengan berat total 2.390 gram. Jenis hasil tangkapan utama yaitu Udang Galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) dengan hasil tangkapan sampingan adalah ikan Lundu (Mystus gulio) dan  ikan Sapu-Sapu (Hypostomus plecostomus).This study aims to (1) know the difference between the catch of prawns from tamba and ayunan, and (2) to determine the catch other than prawn.The results, treatment A (tamba) gained as much as 52 prawns, with a total weight of 2,210 grams. Treatment B (ayunan modifications bamboo flooring), gained as much as 29 prawns, with a total weight of 180 grams. Total catch of prawns using swing modifications and addi bamboo flooring for 16 days of observation was 81 prawns with a total weight of 2,390 grams.Main types of catches fresh water prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) with a side of the catch is Lundu (Mystus Gulio) and Sapu-sapu (Hypostomus plecostomus).

UJI COBA PENANGKAPAN MENGGUNAKAN AYUNAN DENGAN BENTUK YANG BERBEDA ((EXPERIMENTAL FISHING USING AYUNAN WITH DIFFERENT FORMS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Irhamsyah Irhamsyah
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Macrobrachium Rosenbergii ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Freshwater Shrimp ◽  
Unique Shape ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Macrognathus Aculeatus ◽  
De Man ◽  
The Village

<p>Ayunan is the trap most widely used by public Sungai Batang Village, in addition to the unique shape of this tool also has an extensive capacity to accommodate good catches of shrimp and fish species. In addition to the village of Sungai Batang, at the Hulu Sungai region there is also the ayunan that looks different from contained in Sungai Batang Village.</p><p>This study aims to (1) know the difference between shrimp of catch amor ayunan and box ayunan, and (2) to determine the catch other than shrimp. The results of research, treatment A (amor ayunan) shrimp catches as many as 1464 , with a total weight of 9100 grams. Treatment B (box ayunan), shrimp catches as many as 1443 , with a total weight of 7730 grams. Type of main haul shrimp (<em>Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man</em>) and Freshwater Shrimp (<em>Palaemon sp</em>), with by catches are  Lundu (<em>Mystus gulio</em>) with a total of 18 and total weight of 215 grams, sapu-sapu (<em>Hypostomus plecostomus</em> ) 2 , weighing a total of 560 grams, Puyau (<em>Osteochilus hasselti</em>) 3 , weighing a total of 35 grams, telan (<em>Macrognathus aculeatus</em>) 2 , weighing 810 grams.</p>Bamboo and rattan as materials to make the ayunan has a weakness because odor (smell) is not good (bangai) and therefore contributes to the catch. To overcome this weakness it is advisable to replace the wire with the basic material.

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