scholarly journals Virtual field trip to the Esla Nappe (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain): delivering traditional geological mapping skills remotely using real data

Solid Earth ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Manuel I. de Paz-Álvarez ◽  
Thomas G. Blenkinsop ◽  
David M. Buchs ◽  
George E. Gibbons ◽  
Lesley Cherns
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Field Trip ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Physical Field ◽  
Hard Copy ◽  
Topographic Map ◽  
Nw Spain ◽  
Cantabrian Zone

Abstract. The restrictions implemented to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic during 2020 and 2021 have forced university-level educators from around the world to seek alternatives to the residential physical field trips that constitute a fundamental pillar of Geoscience programmes. The field-mapping course for second-year Geology BSc students from Cardiff University was replaced with a virtual mapping course set in the same area as previous years, the Esla Nappe (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain). The course was designed with the aim of providing the students with the same methodology employed in physical mapping, including such skills as gathering discrete data at stops located along five daily itineraries. Data included bedding attitude, outcrop descriptions with a certain degree of ambiguity, photographs and/or sketches, panoramic photos, and fossil images. Data were provided to the students through georeferenced KMZ files in Google Earth. Students were asked to keep a field notebook, define lithological units of mappable scale, identify large structures such as thrust faults and folds with the aid of age estimations from fossils, construct a geological map on a hard-copy topographic map, draw a stratigraphic column and cross sections, and plot the data in a stereonet to perform structural analysis. The exercise allowed for successful training of diverse geological field skills. In light of the assessment of reports and student surveys, a series of improvements for the future is considered. Though incapable of replacing a physical field course, the virtual exercise could be used in preparation for the residential field trip.

scholarly journals Virtual fieldtrip to the Esla Nappe (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain): delivering traditional geological mapping skills remotely using real data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Ignacio de Paz-Álvarez ◽  
Thomas G. Blenkinsop ◽  
David M. Buchs ◽  
George E. Gibbons ◽  
Lesley Cherns
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Physical Field ◽  
Hard Copy ◽  
Topographic Map ◽  
Nw Spain ◽  
Cantabrian Zone ◽  
Virtual Mapping

Abstract. The restrictions implemented to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic during 2020 and 2021 have forced university-level educators from around the world to seek alternatives to residential physical field trips which constitute a fundamental pillar of geoscience programmes. The field-mapping course for 2nd year Geology BSc students from the Cardiff University was replaced with a virtual mapping course set in the same area as previous years, the Esla Nappe (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain). The course was designed with the aim of providing the students with the same methodology employed in physical mapping, gathering discrete data in stops located along five daily itineraries. Data included bedding attitude, outcrop descriptions with a certain degree of ambiguity, photographs and/or sketches, panoramic photos and fossil images. Data was provided to the students through georeferenced KMZ files in Google Earth. Students were asked to keep a field notebook, define lithological units of mappable scale, identify large structures such as thrust faults and folds with the aid of age estimations from fossils, construct a geological map on a hard-copy topographic map, draw a stratigraphic column and cross sections, and plot the data in a stereonet to perform structural analysis. The exercise allowed a successful training of diverse geological field skills. In the light of the assessment of reports and student surveys, a series of improvements for the future is considered. Though incapable of replacing a physical field course, the virtual exercise could be used in preparation for the residential fieldtrip.

scholarly journals Flood Analysis at Ramghat, Pokhara, Nepal Using HEC-RAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Keshav Basnet ◽  
Deepak Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Surface Profile ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Outlet Section ◽  
Topographic Map ◽  
Flood Analysis ◽  
Peak Flood

Flooding in Ramghat area of Pokhara, Nepal is the major problem that has to be faced every year by the people residing nearby the area. Main goal of this study was to conduct the flood analysis of Seti River in Ramghat. Catchment area of the Ramghat was calculated to be 574.56 sq. km. using ArcGIS where the area above 5000 m elevation was 52 sq. km. and area below 3000 m elevation was 356 sq. km. Precipitation data of two meteorological stations, Pokhara airport and Lumle, were used in this research for the calculation of peak discharge. PCJ method (1996) was used to estimate the peak flood and also compared with the peak flood calculated using Modified Dicken's formula, WECS/DHM method, Rational method and Sharma and Adhikari (2004) method. Peak flood values were found to be 1918 m3/s and 2336 m3/s by PCJ method for return period of 50 years and 100 years respectively. The HEC-RAS modelling was performed for these flooding situations to determine the water surface profile along the eight cross-sections of the Ramghat. Finally, the floodplain map was prepared using the topographic map and the Google Earth Map. It was found that 50 years flood in Ramghat could inundate three cemetery shades situated along the river banks. Most importantly, 100 years’ peak flood was found more vulnerable for residential buildings too. The flood plain maps prepared in this study can be used by government authorities for planning, decision making, early warning system and disaster risk management. Additionally, the rating curve was prepared for the outlet section of Ramghat that can be used to estimate the river discharge during flooding in future.

scholarly journals Structure of end moraines and dynamics of the recession phase of the Warta Stadial ice sheet, Kłodawa Upland, Central Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 753-763
Author(s):  
Magdalena Anna Drążczyk
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Dynamic State ◽  
Central Poland ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Key Sites ◽  
Marginal Zones

AbstractThe occurrence of end moraines reflects the dynamics of an ice sheet, and their inner structure is determined by processes taking place in marginal zones. In the southern part of the Kłodawa Upland of Central Poland, such moraines were formed, but opinions conflict as to their origin, including the influence of local transgression of the ice sheet, as well as its areal and frontal recession. The primary aim of this article is to analyse the inner structure of forms to define the dynamic state of the Warta Stadial ice sheet of the Odra Glaciation (Saalian). The conducted research includes fieldwork at four key sites, where lithofacial analysis was performed, as well as a geomorphological and geological mapping that included two cross-sections in greater detail. In exposures, the work focused on deformed structures of sediments. Description of key sites was extended by the creation and the analysis of general geological cross-sections. Considering the results of the research, the Kutno end moraines should not be classified as push moraines – they were revealed to be accumulative in character.

Mapping faults in an urban environment from borehole data (Oviedo, NW Spain)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Pando ◽  
Carlos López-Fernández ◽  
Germán Flor-Blanco ◽  
Sergio Llana-Fúnez
Keyword(s):  
Site Investigation ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Nw Spain ◽  
Regional Literature ◽  
Borehole Data ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Structural Relationships ◽  
Geotechnical Database ◽  
Lithostratigraphic Units

<p>The detailed geological mapping in built-up areas presents challenges that arise mainly from the covering of outcrops, and the erase of natural geomorphological features during earthmoving works related to urban development. However, it also benefits from the existence of closely spaced site investigation data, including boreholes, not commonly available outside the cities.</p><p>This contribution explains the procedure carried out to improve the interpretation of faults below the city centre of an urban core located in NW Spain. Oviedo is placed on a basin formed by an alternation of sub-horizontal carbonate and siliciclastic formations of Cretaceous age, over which lies an unconformable cover of Paleogene fluvial-lacustrine deposits mostly composed by clays and marls. The paleorelief over which the Paleogene was deposited results in great lateral changes in the thickness of these sediments. Moreover, the basin was deformed during the Alpine convergence in northern Iberia developing an open syncline oriented East-West. During the shortening, a number of minor faults cutting across the gently dipping Cretaceous and Paleogene deposits affect moderately the cartographic pattern of lithostratigraphic units.</p><p>Therefore, this research was focused on the preferential use of information on the ground provided by hundreds of rotary boreholes managed through a GIS-type geotechnical database. The procedure of semiautomatic identification consisted essentially of investigating the spatial variations of the boundary between two Cretaceous formations, in order to find anomalies attributable to fault displacements. In using this boundary as a strain marker for post-depositional deformation, two scales were approached, one aimed at the identification of large faults, and another with greater detail based on trend-surface analysis for fractures of smaller size and local incidence (vertical offset less than 10 m).</p><p>The research has allowed to discuss faults deduced in previous geological maps, helping to interpret thickenings related to the paleorelief, and also to recognize the existence of structures not described in the regional literature. This study provides also better constrains to the analysis of the structural relationships between the faults affecting the Mesozoic-Palaeogene basin, and the Alpine reactivation of the underlying Palaeozoic basement.</p>

scholarly journals From Virtual Field Trip to Geologically-Reasoned Decisions in Yosemite Valley

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas C. Barth ◽  
Greg M. Stock ◽  
Kinnari Atit
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Opportunity To Learn ◽  
Field Trip ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Learning Goals ◽  
Spatial Skills ◽  
Yosemite Valley ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Virtual Field ◽  
Virtual Field Trip

Abstract. This study highlights a Geology of Yosemite Valley virtual field trip (VFT) and companion exercises produced as a four-part module to substitute for physical field experiences. The VFT is created as an Earth project in Google Earth Web, a versatile format that allows access through a web browser or Google Earth app with the sharing of an internet address. Many dynamic resources can be used for VFT stops through use of the Google Earth Engine (global satellite imagery draped on topography, 360° street-level imagery, user-submitted 360° photospheres). Images, figures, videos, and narration can be embedded into VFT stops. Hyperlinks allow for a wide range of external resources to be incorporated; optional background resources help reduce the knowledge gap between general public and upper-division students, ensuring VFTs can be broadly accessible. Like many in-person field trips, there is a script with learning goals for each stop, but also an opportunity to learn through exploration as the viewer can dynamically change their vantage at each stop (i.e. guided discovery learning). This interactive VFT format scaffolds students’ spatial skills and encourages attention to be focused on a stop’s critical spatial information. The progression from VFT to mapping exercise to geologically-reasoned decision-making results in high quality student work; students find it engaging, enjoyable, and educational.

scholarly journals A Robust Localization System for Inspection Robots in Sewer Networks

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (22) ◽  
pp. 4946 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Alejo ◽  
Fernando Caballero ◽  
Luis Merino
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Prior Information ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Localization System ◽  
Sewer Network ◽  
Localization And Mapping ◽  
Localization Errors ◽  
Robust Localization ◽  
Monte Carlo Localization ◽  
Inspection Robots

Sewers represent a very important infrastructure of cities whose state should be monitored periodically. However, the length of such infrastructure prevents sensor networks from being applicable. In this paper, we present a mobile platform (SIAR) designed to inspect the sewer network. It is capable of sensing gas concentrations and detecting failures in the network such as cracks and holes in the floor and walls or zones were the water is not flowing. These alarms should be precisely geo-localized to allow the operators performing the required correcting measures. To this end, this paper presents a robust localization system for global pose estimation on sewers. It makes use of prior information of the sewer network, including its topology, the different cross sections traversed and the position of some elements such as manholes. The system is based on a Monte Carlo Localization system that fuses wheel and RGB-D odometry for the prediction stage. The update step takes into account the sewer network topology for discarding wrong hypotheses. Additionally, the localization is further refined with novel updating steps proposed in this paper which are activated whenever a discrete element in the sewer network is detected or the relative orientation of the robot over the sewer gallery could be estimated. Each part of the system has been validated with real data obtained from the sewers of Barcelona. The whole system is able to obtain median localization errors in the order of one meter in all cases. Finally, the paper also includes comparisons with state-of-the-art Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) systems that demonstrate the convenience of the approach.

Early Silurian conodonts from the Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain

Geobios ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graciela Sarmiento ◽  
Isabel Méndez-Bedia ◽  
Carlos Aramburu ◽  
Miguel Arbizu ◽  
Jaime Truyols
Keyword(s):  
Nw Spain ◽  
Cantabrian Zone

scholarly journals Kinematics, deformation partitioning and late Variscan magmatism in the Agly massif, Eastern Pyrenees, France

2020 ◽  
Vol 191 ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Vanardois ◽  
Pierre Trap ◽  
Philippe Goncalves ◽  
Didier Marquer ◽  
Josselin Gremmel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Deformation Pattern ◽  
Detailed Structural Analysis ◽  
Eastern Pyrenees ◽  
Structural Work ◽  
Tectonic Forces ◽  
Orogenic Plateau ◽  
Extensional Collapse

In order to constrain the finite deformation pattern of the Variscan basement of the Agly massif, a detailed structural analysis over the whole Agly massif was performed. Our investigation combined geological mapping, reappraisal of published and unpublished data completed with our own structural work. Results are provided in the form of new tectonic maps and series of regional cross-sections through the Agly massif. At variance from previous studies, we identified three deformation fabrics named D1, D2 and D3. The D1 deformation is only relictual and characterized by a broadly northwest-southeast striking and eastward dipping foliation without any clear mineral and stretching lineation direction. D1 might be attributed to thickening of the Variscan crust in a possible orogenic plateau edge position. The D2 deformation is a heterogeneous non-coaxial deformation, affecting the whole massif, that produced a shallowly dipping S2 foliation, and an anastomosed network of C2 shear zones that accommodated vertical thinning and N20 directed extension. D2 is coeval with LP-HT metamorphism and plutonism at ca. 315–295 Ma. D2 corresponds to the extensional collapse of the partially molten orogenic crust in a global dextral strike-slip at the scale of the whole Variscan belt. The D2 fabrics are folded and steepened along a D3 east-west trending corridor, called Tournefort Deformation Zone (TDZ), where the Saint-Arnac and Tournefort intrusives and surrounding rocks share the same NE-SW to E-W subvertical S3 foliation. Along the D3 corridor, the asymmetrical schistosity pattern and kinematic criteria suggest a D3 dextral kinematics. The D3 deformation is a record of E-W striking dextral shearing that facilitated and localized the ascent and emplacement of the diorite and granitic sheet-shaped plutons. D3 outlasted D2 and turned compressional-dominated in response to the closure of the Ibero-Armorican arc in a transpressional regime. The progressive switch from D2 thinning to D3 transpression is attributed to the lessening of gravitational forces at an advanced stage of extensional collapse that became overcome by ongoing compressional tectonic forces at the southern edge of the Variscan orogenic plateau.

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