Pilgrimages from the District of Wieluń to the Jasna Góra Monastery (1921–1939)

Deep religiousness, beside a typically agricultural character of employment, was one of the most distinguishing features of the inhabitants of the district of Wieluń. It was manifested by i.e., a huge engagement in new forms of Christian ministry, which were initiated in circumstances of unrestricted activity of the Catholic Church after 1918. Irrespectively of it, the inhabitants of the Wieluń district were characterised by deep Marian piety, which was expressed in many ways. Beside their participation in services devoted to Our Lady, engagement in the Confraternity of the Rosary, distribution of magazines devotedto this issue as well as special respect paid to images of Our Lady, they took part in numerous pilgrimages. The Jasna Góra Monastery was the main goal of pilgrims. The faithful of this area accounted for the biggest group among all the groups from the whole Diocese of Częstochowa taking part in pilgrimages to the city of Częstochowa.

GDF-15 Deficiency Reduces Autophagic Activity in Human Macrophages In Vitro and Decreases p62-Accumulation in Atherosclerotic Lesions in Mice

(1) Background: Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is associated with cardiovascular diseases and autophagy in human macrophages (MΦ). Thus, we are interested in investigating autophagic mechanisms with special respect to the role of GDF-15. (2) Methods: Recombinant (r)GDF-15 and siRNA GDF-15 were used to investigate the effects of GDF-15 on autophagic and lysosomal activity, as well as autophagosome formation by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in MΦ. To ascertain the effects of GDF-15−/− on the progression of atherosclerotic lesions, we used GDF-15−/−/ApoE−/− and ApoE−/− mice under a cholesterol-enriched diet (CED). Body weight, body mass index (BMI), blood lipid levels and lumen stenosis in the brachiocephalic trunk (BT) were analyzed. Identification of different cell types and localization of autophagy-relevant proteins in atherosclerotic plaques were performed by immunofluorescence. (3) Results: siGDF-15 reduced and, conversely, rGDF-15 increased the autophagic activity in MΦ, whereas lysosomal activity was unaffected. Autophagic degradation after starvation and rGDF-15 treatment was observed by TEM. GDF-15−/−/ApoE−/− mice, after CED, showed reduced lumen stenosis in the BT, while body weight, BMI and triglycerides were increased compared with ApoE−/− mice. GDF-15−/− decreased p62-accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions, especially in endothelial cells (ECs). (4) Conclusion: GDF-15 seems to be an important factor in the regulation of autophagy, especially in ECs of atherosclerotic lesions, indicating its crucial pathophysiological function during atherosclerosis development.

Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms in Small Peripheral Vessel Segments—Efficacy and Intermediate Follow-Up Results of Flow Diversion With the Silk Vista Baby Low-Profile Flow Diverter

Background and Purpose: Low-profile flow diverter stents (FDS) quite recently amended peripheral segments as targets for hemodynamic aneurysm treatment; however, reports on outcomes, especially later than 3 months, are scarce. This study therefore reports our experience with the novel silk vista baby (SVB) FDS and respective outcomes after 8 and 11 months with special respect to specific adverse events.Materials and Methods: Forty-four patients (mean age, 53 years) harboring 47 aneurysms treated with the SVB between June 2018 and December 2019 were included in our study. Clinical, procedural, and angiographic data were collected. Follow-ups were performed on average after 3, 8, and 11 months, respectively. Treatment effect was assessed using the O'Kelly Marotta (OKM) grading system.Results: Overall, angiographic follow-ups were available for 41 patients/45 aneurysms. Occlusion or significant reduction in aneurysmal perfusion (OKM: D1, B1–B3 and A2–A3) was observed in 98% of all aneurysms after 8 months. Only 2% of the treated aneurysms remained morphologically unaltered and without an apparent change in perfusion (OKM A1). Adverse events in the early post-interventional course occurred in seven patients; out of them, mRS-relevant morbidity at 90 days related to FDS treatment was observable in two patients. One death occurred in the context of severe SAH related to an acutely ruptured dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery.Conclusion: The SVB achieves sufficient occlusion rates of intracranial aneurysms originating from peripheral segments, which are comparable to prior established conventional FDS with acceptably low complication rates. However, alteration of a hemodynamic equilibrium in distal localizations requires special attention to prevent ischemic events.

Public Policy Public Goods and the Impact of the pandemic crisis with special respect to the case of Greece

People expect the state to provide them with a social security net. Whatever its defects, whatever the virtues of the private sector, no structure other than the state can today provide citizens with the basic public goods. Under right-wing governments, a very active role of the state is not expected. Also, is nor expected the introduction of a serious program of public investment and demand-boosting to stimulate the national economy and enter into a virtuous circle of recovery. Today many countries like Greece, which passed the economic crisis with drastic cuts in its traditionally deficient welfare state and its chronic underinvestment in public goods in key areas such as health, have to respond directly to the pandemic crisis. This fact leads in the short term to a revival of the debate on strengthening state powers and especially in strengthening public health systems. Political polarization is expected in the period after the end of the pandemic crisis focusing on welfare state issues. This, most likely, will leave plenty of space for social democratic and Keynesian approaches. In several countries like Greece, the right-wing governance will come under pressure leading even to rifts in its hegemony.

Constitutionalization of the principle of respect for elders: the experience of the 2020 constitutional amendments, their content and implementation problems

The article is devoted to the study of a number of problems related to the regulation and implementation of the principle of respect for elders, which is new for the constitutional law of Russia. The author substantiates the position that the problem of constitutionalization of the principle of respect for elders should be posed wider, at least outside the boundaries of strictly educational activities and in the broader context of the paradigm of the hierarchy of seniority in the system of fundamental principles of constitutionalism. The principle of “respect for elders” is opposed by the stable constitutional practice of Russia and foreign countries guaranteeing at the constitutional level, on the one hand, the rights of parents (mothers, fathers) and the elderly, and on the other, children and youth. Parents and the elderly do indeed enjoy the constitutional right to special respect as a kind of “elder”, but this does not give grounds for a broad interpretation of the constitutional status of all other members of society. The author proves that, in fact, the constitutional imperative of “respect for elders” is an attempt, albeit relatively “soft” in the legal sense (without legal consequences and in the absence of a clear definition of the rights and obligations of subjects of legal relations), to introduce into the life of a free civil society a kind of disciplinary-subordination beginning in relationships between older and younger people. Moving up the age ladder supposedly should give a certain increase in subjective rights. However, to what extent is this permissible in a constitutional state and a democratic society? And does this really correspond to the prevailing socio-cultural stereotypes of social behavior of the modern generation of Russians? According to the author, in the construction of “respect for elders”, an indication of the sign of seniority is of key importance. The term “respect” is not entirely accurate, since without significant distortion of the meaning it could be replaced with the words “special recognition”, “subordination”, “emphasized correct behavior”, etc. By virtue of Article 21 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, all people are obliged to respect each other as people, they are legally stimulated in equal measure to recognize the value of their human dignity.

National Business Culture of Ukraine and the Profile of a Ukrainian Marketer

The article attempts to consider a problem that has not yet been the subject of systematic developments in domestic and foreign science – the analysis of the profile of a Ukrainian marketer. This problem is investigated on the basis of the proposed new methodological approach: the recognition of the determinism of the profile of a marketer of a country (as well as in general – the profile of the entrepreneur) content and features of the national business culture of the country. The proposed approach logically necessitated a comparative analysis of the national business culture of Ukraine. This analysis was performed using the appropriate measuring parameters of modern economic comparativistics ("power distance", "individualism", "masculinity", "uncertainty avoidance", "long-term orientation", "indulgence") in comparison with Western, Central and Eastern Europe and the South East. The uniqueness of the national business culture of Ukraine is identified, which consists in its multiculturalism: in the organic combination of western (Anglo-Saxon) and eastern (south-eastern) entrepreneurship; with special respect for other religions and denominations. The characteristic features of the profile of a Ukrainian marketer are singled out (they, as well as the features of the profile of an entrepreneur of any country at all times, contain both positive and negative properties). A Ukrainian marketer: as a rule, is excluded from making fundamental decisions, which "pushes" him to the steps of "guerilla marketing"; he is more prone to collective forms of activity (but with hidden ambitious individual traits); in professional activity understands the value of life and wealth for the domestic consumer and consumer behavior as such; feels internal discomfort in conditions of uncertainty and special risk; the advantage of a Ukrainian marketer is activity in industries with long-term capital turnover and in the field of complex marketing research; domestic marketer to some extent still retains the properties of social orientation in business (but the dominant of his entrepreneurial consciousness are negative expectations).

special requirements applicable to the management of national assets, with a special respect to the requirement of transparency

The Fundamental Law of Hungary states that the property of the Hungarian State and of municipal governments shall be considered national assets. National assets shall be managed and protected for the purpose of serving the public interest, satisfying common needs and preserving natural resources, taking also into account the needs of future generations. Economic operators – such as companies - owned by the State or municipal governments shall conduct business prudently and independently, in accordance with the relevant legislation, under the requirements of legality, efficiency and effectiveness. The special requirements regarding the management and safeguarding are laid down in Act CXCVI of 2011 on National Assets (hereinafter: National Assets Act) and Act CVI of 2007 on State Property (hereinafter: State Property Act) also contains a few requirements in its preamble. Based on the above, national assets shall be managed and protected in a special way, compared to privately owned assets. Publicly owned enterprises play a very important role in the national economy, since they provide a significant amount of GDP, they employ numerous people, they usually provide public services and last but not least they manage public funds. As a consequence, these companies shall also manage their assets with respect to the special requirements. In our article, we introduce these requirements by examining their content and also their relationship towards each other. One of the most important requirements is transparency, since these enterprises manage public funds and according to the Fundamental Law, every organization managing public funds shall publicly account for the management of those funds. Public funds and national assets shall be managed according to the principles of transparency and of corruption-free public life. Data relating to public funds or to national assets shall be recognized as data of public interest. We lay a special emphasis on transparency by introducing the relating regulation and also by summarizing the most prominent statements of court decisions from the last few years. In their judgements the courts interpreted the requirement of transparency in connection with state-owned enterprises and the relationship between transparency and the protection of business secrets and business interests of the companies.

Men at work: Grinding stone production by the experts and others in northern Ethiopia

It is necessary to access the oral forms of local histories often held in traditional African communities to help us understand the African past and avoid framing interpretations solely in terms of Western epistemologies. Ethnoarchaeological fieldwork was carried out in villages in the Gulo Makeda region of northeastern Tigrai, northern Ethiopia, where access to mechanical mills has only been available in the last few decades. Individuals in this area still have knowledge and memory of manufacturing, using and discarding grinding stones. Interviews were held with male advisors who shared their knowledge and expertise about the entire process of manufacturing grinding stones. To move beyond understanding just the technical aspects of grinding stone manufacturing (what and how), the theory and methods associated with the chaîne opératoire and design theory were incorporated into the research to allow discovery of intricate socio-economic interrelationships (how and why) that exist through grinding manufacture within this culture. Manufacturing offers opportunities for socialization, cooperation and community engagement. Through ethnoarchaeology it became clear that the manufacturing of grinding stones in northeastern Tigrai is a complex process requiring design decisions, skills, knowledge, and social interaction that builds interpersonal relationships. By arranging two separate manufacturing sessions, one with experts and one with non-experts, comparisons were made of technological and social differences between experts and non-experts. The individuals who are experts in manufacturing grinding stones made higher quality grinding stones than the non-experts. The experts are also afforded a special respect by others, as they are the creators of the technology “necessary for life” in a culture traditionally dependent on cereal flours for sustenance. Potentially this respect for experts could be true for the past as well. Since the grinding stone artifacts from Mezber are large stones, likely meant to produce significant amounts of flour, they would have been important to daily life. Those who manufactured these tools important for subsistence would likely have been considered important individuals in the community.

THE NATIONAL IDEA OF THE C0SSACK ERA AS A FACTOR IN THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN

National Idea of the Cossack Dobi as a factor in the development and development of Ukrainian education. The article has addressed the problem of filling the national idea of becoming and developing the Ukrainian language to Cossack education, characterized by political and political factors, as well as the fact that they have not been able to zoom in and out. The authors paid special respect to the analysis of historical achievements of the era and the uninterrupted sound of widespread blessings. Realization of national and international ideas in the area of national formations, political culture, system of life. National identity, political culture and practice are recognized by their own field of national and ideological suspension. The middle of the Ukrainian zozsta kozatstva will drink for the blessing of life and the goats themselves are beautifully rooted, but they’ve been blessed with ludina, and they’ve been able to meet their own ideals. Kozatska’s system of whirlwind and sanctification has transferred the interpretation and systematic development of physical and psycho-spiritual health. The Ukrainian national idea, as a political project of May, but in order to consume the rest of the country through the history, culture, traditions, the national budget has been divided into the most effective Polish, Catholic, national and international. The Ukrainian national idea, as a political project of the future that reflects the common needs of the nation through its history, culture, traditions, in the Cossack era was developed to effectively counter Polish Catholic and Moscow aggression, reflecting the onslaught of these destructive forces on the identity and freedom of the Ukrainian people. Ukrainian Orthodox education of the Cossack times absorbed the best examples of the Cossack mentality, the way of life of the Cossacks, their desire for freedom. The high level of literacy in the Hetmanate and in the Liberty lands of the Zaporozhian Lowland Army in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries testified to the desire of Ukrainians to obtain an education in which they saw a guarantee of prosperity and a virtuous life. We see our further work in the studied problems as the national spiritual revival of Ukraine.

An Analysis of Gender and Health in Islam

Background: The history of women’s health has been widely debated in jurisprudence and hadith and in general in religious thought, and the great jurists of Islam have addressed it in their practical treatises of the past; thus, attention has been paid to these topics in their books on health and Islam. Objectives: This study was conducted to show the subject of the body and its health, especially that of the female body, based on religious verses and traditions, and to emphasize its importance as a religious duty. Methods: This research has been done by using religious techniques, the Holy Quran, and the narrations of the infallible and their interpretation and explanation. It has also been used in social medicine and medical history of philosophy. Books on women’s psychology have also been taken into consideration. Results: Our results revealed that the Holy Quran and Islamic traditions have special respect and status for women. Female sex personality is taken into note. It is highly recommended for men to observe women and their gender on various occasions. Conclusions: In this study, the philosophy of baths, especially women’s baths, men’s and women’s cleansing, women’s special health, women’s menstruation, women’s menopause, pregnancy, and childbirth were examined from the perspective of the Quran and Islamic traditions. Overall, studies have shown that Islam has paid particular attention to these issues.