scholarly journals Agitation, Propaganda, and the 'Stalinization' of the Soviet Press, 1922-1930

1998 ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Matthew E. Lenoe
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
American Reader ◽  
Editorial Commentary ◽  
The Press ◽  
Production Plans

Between 1925 and 1933 the layout and tone of the Soviet central press underwent a plainly discernible change. Issues of Pravda and Izvestiia from the period of the New Economic Policy or NEP ( 1921-1927) contain journalistic genres familiar to the American reader: the wire service report written in an "objective" style, the editorial commentary, the economic analysis, the shortsatirical piece about everyday life. The shrill declamation, exhortation, and didacticism of the same newspapers in the early 1930s, on the other hand, seem alien and bizarre. Exclamation marks, commands, military metaphors, and congratulations from Party leaders to factories for surpassing their production plans fill central Soviet papers from 1933. Sometimes the press castigates readers like a parent scolding naughty children, sometimes it lectures them like a teacher,sometimes it exhorts them to action, like a platoon leader urging his troops forward. Aggressive declamation about "Bolshevik tempo," "Bolshevik competition," "Fascist depravity," and "gargantuan victories of the proletariat" blares from the pages.

‘A Party for Owners or a Party for Earners?’ How far did the British Conservative Party Really Change After 1945?

1987 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 49-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ramsden
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
The Political ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Characteristic Mode ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Electoral Defeat ◽  
Post War ◽  
Looking Back

THE period spent in opposition between 1945 and 1951 has generally been thought of as a key to the understanding of the activities of the post-war British Conservative Party. Autobiographies of the Party leaders of the time began to appear at the end of the Fifties, already looking back to a period in which the Conservatives had decisively changed their approach. So for example, Lord Woolton's Memoirs reviewed not only a term as Party Chairman which had been a highlight of his own crowded career, but also his sharing in a major act of transformation, a transformation that had led on to Conservative success since 1951: ‘the change was revolutionary’. Other key figures in the organisation reached similar conclusions as their own accounts appeared: David Maxwell-Fyfe argued that the new Party rules which he had drawn up had not only decisively widened the political base of British Conservatism, but that events since had confirmed the importance of the change. R. A. Butler's account of The Art of the Possible argued in 1971 that ‘the overwhelming electoral defeat of 1945 shook the Conservative Party out of its lethargy and impelled it to re-think its philosophy and re-form its ranks with a thoroughness unmatched for a century’. The effect was to bring both the policies of the Party and ‘their characteristic mode of expression’, as he puts it, ‘up to date’. As recently as 1978, Reginald Maudling—a key figure behind the scenes in 1945–51 as a speechwriter from Eden and Churchill and as the organising secretary of the committee which produced the Industrial Charter of 1947—reached much the same view: ‘We were at that time developing a new economic policy for the Conservative Party … It marked a substantially different approach for post-war Conservative philosophy.

scholarly journals Private trade in the years of NEP: Russian historiography of the 1920s–1980s

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-66
Author(s):  
Aleksei Kilin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
National History ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Mixed Economy ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Private Owner

The goal of this research lies in the analysis of Russian historiography of the 1920s–1980s dedicated to private trade in the years of NEP. The presented material is valuable for familiarization with the problem navigating through the variety of publications, as well as for in-depth study of the topic, such as writing historiographical sections of dissertations. The material is systematized on the basis of problematic-chronological approach, and includes stages that are traditional for the Russian historiography. The staged vary in content, covering NEP as a whole and its separate aspects, such as specificity of functionality of mixed economy, goods-money relations, analysis of commercial practices in different economic sectors, and social aspects of private entrepreneurship. The period of the new economic policy is the dynamic and contradictory stage of the national history; there are multiple opinions and discussions around the alternatives to the development of the country. Multistructurality of the economy implied multilayeredness and polemical sharpness of arguments that unfolded at that time and left a mark in the historiography of 1920s. On the other hand, monostructurality of the economy and ideocratic approach in science led to the interpretation of NEP as a ‘”departure”. In the historiography of 1930s – early 1980s, private trade was openly marginalized, and the variety of ongoing processes was reduced to the struggle of private owner with collectivized sector solely within the framework of the antagonistic concept of “class warfare”. Since the mid-1980, the researchers once again addressed the issues that were relevant in the 1920s. The return to variety of interpretations was on the background of convergence of the Russian and foreign historiography in the context of seeking the alternatives to the “Marxist-Leninist concept of the historical process”.

scholarly journals DONBASS CONFLICT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP) PERIOD AS A REFLECTION OF THE SOVIET SYSTEM’S CONTRADICTIONS

2019 ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Kabachek
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Political System ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Power ◽  
Soviet Republic ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Subsequent Period

The article is devoted to the conflict in Donbass took place at the beginning of the NEP (New Economic Policy) period. This conflict is considered in terms of the general problem of interrelationships between Local and Central power bodies. The author shows, that this factor was the main driving force of the Donbass conflict. Human factor had only additional dramatic effect in this conflict. Even G. Pyatakov’s expelling from Donbass has not discarded contradictions between the "Center" and "Local power" in reference to mines leasing. As observed from a variety of historical sources, it went on though less acute forms during the subsequent period of the New Economic Policy (NEP). The similar situation was marked in the other branches of industry and in the other regions (provinces and counties) of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (USSR). In spite of the very many-sided nature of the conflict, its inter-personal as well as subjective motivations, economic conflicts between ventral and local authorities became a very important component of it. The struggle of Local Power (Republican Departments) and Central one for the control over small commercial companies had been continuing during the whole NEP (New Economic Policy) period and had objectively progressive nature. However, the forces in this fight were too unequal. The problem, which hasn’t been solved correctly at the beginning of 1920s, resulted in an excessive centralization in the management of the Ukrainian industry as well as the rights restriction of the State power Local Bodies and the opportunities of Local Budgets. The autor concluads, that in spite of of transformations of political system, the problem of economical and finantional independace of the local authorities stays actual in more that hundred years after the described events.

scholarly journals Report of labor safety inspector on sanitary and living conditions of factories in Omsk in 1923

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
T. V. Glazunova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Daily Functioning ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
Ecological State ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Industrial History ◽  
Labor Safety

This paper presents an official source that has not been published before describing the problematic aspects of the daily functioning of industry and urban life in Omsk during the period of the new economic policy. The publication is addressed to researchers of the early Soviet society, everyday life, industrial history, sanitary and ecological state of the cities of Western Siberia in the early 1920s

Mental Contrasting of Future and Reality

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Oettingen ◽  
Doris Mayer ◽  
Babette Brinkmann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Brief Intervention ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metacognitive Strategy ◽  
Mental Contrasting ◽  
Low Expectations

Mental contrasting of a desired future with present reality leads to expectancy-dependent goal commitments, whereas focusing on the desired future only makes people commit to goals regardless of their high or low expectations for success. In the present brief intervention we randomly assigned middle-level managers (N = 52) to two conditions. Participants in one condition were taught to use mental contrasting regarding their everyday concerns, while participants in the other condition were taught to indulge. Two weeks later, participants in the mental-contrasting condition reported to have fared better in managing their time and decision making during everyday life than those in the indulging condition. By helping people to set expectancy-dependent goals, teaching the metacognitive strategy of mental contrasting can be a cost- and time-effective tool to help people manage the demands of their everyday life.

Russian Protectionism: Problems of Institutional Heritage

2012 ◽  
pp. 96-114
Author(s):  
L. Tsedilin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
The State ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
State Monopoly ◽  
The Times ◽  
Soviet Experience

The article analyzes the pre-revolutionary and the Soviet experience of the protectionist policies. Special attention is paid to the external economic policy during the times of NEP (New Economic Policy), socialist industrialization and the years of 1970-1980s. The results of the state monopoly on foreign trade and currency transactions in the Soviet Union are summarized; the economic integration in the frames of Comecon is assessed.

The Experience of Industrialization under NEPand Its Application in the Current Conditions

2013 ◽  
pp. 109-135
Author(s):  
Y. Goland
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Popular Belief ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Domestic Capital

The article refutes popular belief about the necessity to abolish the New Economic Policy (NEP) of the 1920s for the purpose of industrialization. It is shown that it started successfully under NEP although due to a number of reasons the efficiency of the investments was low. The abolishment of NEP was caused not by the necessity to accelerate the industrialization but by the wrong policy towards the agriculture that stopped the development of farms. The article analyzes the discussion about possible rates of the domestic capital formation. In the course of this discussion, the sensible approach to finding the optimal size of investments depending on their efficiency was offered. This approach is still relevant today.

The perspective planning under NEP

2019 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Yury M. Goland
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Perspective Planning ◽  
Sharp Criticism

The article reviews the implementation of the perspective planning in the USSR during the period of the New Economic Policy — NEP, from methodological discussions to the development of five-year plans — sectoral and for the entire national economy. The article analyzes the discussion of the proposal of the first five-year plan submitted by S. Strumilin at the congress of planning bodies in March, 1927. It is shown that the sharp criticism of this plan for being imbalanced by the leading economists of the country, in particular, V. Bazarov and N. Kondratiev, is valid. The author points out the influence of political factors on the planning process. The popular cliche that the forced industrialization in the five-year plan was necessary to prepare for the war is refuted.

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