scholarly journals Childhood Adversity Linked to Neurological Circuitry Changes and Mental Health Disorders. Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
Alexander Shand
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Preventive Medicine ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Medicine Research ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain

Children who experience adversity have increased risk for psychiatric disorders. However, little is known about the exact alterations that occur in the neural circuitry and how that information may help lead to early diagnosis or preventive medicine. Research has shown that there are specific changes in neurological functional connectivity in the brain associated with childhood adversity. This review will examine recent papers that have investigated the correlation between these changes in brain connectivity and specific psychiatric disorders. Understanding the changes may help with preventive medicine by ensuring clinicians monitor patients with more severe history of adversity who are therefore at higher risk for developing a psychiatric disorder. This paper will also address potential recommendations that could be implemented in the future as research offers more conclusive evidence. Research is now beginning to address the questions of whether these changes can be attenuated, either during childhood or as adults.

scholarly journals CHEK2∗1100delC Mutation and Risk of Prostate Cancer

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Hale ◽  
Maren Weischer ◽  
Jong Y. Park
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Prostate Cancer Screening ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Prostate Cancer Risk ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cancer Studies

Although the causes of prostate cancer are largely unknown, previous studies support the role of genetic factors in the development of prostate cancer.CHEK2plays a critical role in DNA replication by responding to double-stranded breaks. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of the role of a genetic variant, 1100delC, ofCHEK2on prostate cancer risk and discuss the implication for potential translation of this knowledge into clinical practice. Currently, twelve articles that discussedCHEK2∗1100delC and its association with prostate cancer were identified. Of the twelve prostate cancer studies, five studies had independent data to draw conclusive evidence from. The pooled results of OR and 95% CI were 1.98 (1.23–3.18) for unselected cases and 3.39 (1.78–6.47) for familial cases, indicating thatCHEK2∗1100delC mutation is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. Screening for CHEK2∗1100delC should be considered in men with a familial history of prostate cancer.

scholarly journals Rethinking childhood adversity in chronic fatigue syndrome

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E Clark ◽  
Sean Davidson ◽  
Laura Maclachlan ◽  
Megan Lynn ◽  
Julia L Newton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ◽  
History Of Childhood ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
History Of

Objectives: Previous studies have consistently shown increased rates of childhood adversity in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). However, such aetiopathogenic studies of CFS are potentially confounded by co-morbidity and misdiagnosis particularly with depression. We used a modelling approach with existing data and data generated in our examination of the rates of childhood adversity in a sample of CFS patients who had no lifetime history of depression. Methods: The childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) was completed by a sample of 52 participants and 19 controls with chronic fatigue syndrome who did not meet criteria for a psychiatric disorder (confirmed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV). Subsequently, Mediation Analysis (Baye’s Rules) was used to establish the risk childhood adversity poses for CFS with and without depression. Results: In a cohort of CFS patients with depression robustly excluded, CTQ scores were markedly lower than in all previous studies and, in contrast to these previous studies, not increased compared with healthy controls. Post-hoc analysis showed that CTQ scores correlated with the number of depressive symptoms during the lifetime worst period of low mood. The probability of developing CFS given a history of childhood trauma was shown to be 4%, a two-fold increased risk compared to the general population. However, much of this risk is mediated by the concomitant development of major depression. Discussion: The data suggests that previous studies showing a relationship between childhood adversity and CFS may be mediated by depression

Abstract P543: Association Of Tanning Bed Use With Depression In A Preventive Medicine Cohort: The Cooper Center Longitudinal Study

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Kinser ◽  
Beth B Wright ◽  
David Leonard ◽  
Laura F Defina
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Preventive Medicine ◽  
Personal History ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tanning Beds ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Tanning Bed ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression

Importance: The use of tanning beds continues despite evidence of increased skin cancer risk among users. In the US, the prevalence of indoor tanning ranges from 35% of adults to 59% of college students. Objective: To investigate the association between depressive symptoms and tanning bed use. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: A preventive medicine clinic in Dallas, Texas. Participants: Between September 2013 and June 2019, a total of 11,823 generally healthy men and women presented for preventive medical examinations. Exposure: Self-reported tanning bed use. Main Outcome and Measures: Depressive symptoms as indicated by a score of greater than or equal to 10 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. Results: Fifteen percent of participants had used a tanning bed prior to their examination. For men, tanning bed use was associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms (OR: 1.86; 95% CI:1.41-2.44). For women, the association between the use of tanning beds and depressive symptoms was significant in an unadjusted model, but was no longer significant after adjustment for confounders (OR: 1.26; 95% CI:0.99-1.61). However, the odds ratio was still in the direction of increased risk. Women with a personal history of depression were more likely to tan frequently and have higher CES-D scores than women with no personal history of depression ( p = .003). Conclusions and Relevance: In a generally healthy population, depressive symptoms were associated with the use of a tanning bed. This association was more evident in those with a history of depression, although remained true for those without a history of depression. As recurrent tanning bed use is known to contribute to the diagnosis of melanoma, it is critical to help patients identify other options to treat depression as well as to educate them on the risks of routine tanning bed use.

scholarly journals Rethinking childhood adversity in chronic fatigue syndrome

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E Clark ◽  
Sean Davidson ◽  
Laura Maclachlan ◽  
Megan Lynn ◽  
Julia L Newton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ◽  
History Of Childhood ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
History Of

Objectives: Previous studies have consistently shown increased rates of childhood adversity in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). However, such aetiopathogenic studies of CFS are potentially confounded by co-morbidity and misdiagnosis particularly with depression. We used a modelling approach with existing data and data generated in our examination of the rates of childhood adversity in a sample of CFS patients who had no lifetime history of depression. Methods: The childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) was completed by a sample of 52 participants and 19 controls with chronic fatigue syndrome who did not meet criteria for a psychiatric disorder (confirmed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV). Subsequently, Mediation Analysis (Baye’s Rules) was used to establish the risk childhood adversity poses for CFS with and without depression. Results: In a cohort of CFS patients with depression robustly excluded, CTQ scores were markedly lower than in all previous studies and, in contrast to these previous studies, not increased compared with healthy controls. Post-hoc analysis showed that CTQ scores correlated with the number of depressive symptoms during the lifetime worst period of low mood. The probability of developing CFS given a history of childhood trauma was shown to be 4%, a two-fold increased risk compared to the general population. However, much of this risk is mediated by the concomitant development of major depression. Discussion: The data suggests that previous studies showing a relationship between childhood adversity and CFS may be mediated by depression

scholarly journals Conditional GWAS analysis identifies putative disorder-specific SNPs for psychiatric disorders

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enda M Byrne ◽  
Zhihong Zhu ◽  
Ting Qi ◽  
Nathan G Skene ◽  
Julien Bryois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Summary Statistics ◽  
Risk Variants ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Conditional Effect ◽  
The Brain

AbstractSubstantial genetic liability is shared across psychiatric disorders but less is known about risk variants that are specific to a given disorder. We used multi-trait conditional and joint analysis (mtCOJO) to adjust GWAS summary statistics of one disorder for the effects of genetically correlated traits to identify putative disorder-specific SNP associations. We applied mtCOJO to summary statistics for five psychiatric disorders from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium – schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BIP), major depression (MD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism (AUT). Most genom-wide significant variants for these disorders had evidence of pleiotropy (i.e., impact on multiple psychiatric disorders) and hence have reduced mtCOJO conditional effect sizes. However, subsets of genome-wide significant variants had larger conditional effect sizes consistent with disorder-specific effects: 15 of 130 genome-wide significant variants for schizophrenia, 5 of 40 for major depression, 3 of 11 for ADHD and 1 of 2 for autism. In addition, we identified a number of variants that approached genome-wide significance in the original GWAS and have larger conditional effect sizes after conditioning on the other disorders. We show that decreased expression of VPS29 in the brain may increase risk to SCZ only and increased expression of CSE1L is associated with SCZ and MD, but not with BIP. Likewise, decreased expression of PCDHA7 in the brain is linked to increased risk of MD but decreased risk of SCZ and BIP.

Miscellaneous Psychiatric Disorders

2021 ◽  
pp. 343-347
Author(s):  
Kari A. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
History Of Childhood ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level

In a number of psychiatric disorders, patients present with medical and psychological symptoms that are not well explained by a medical condition or substance use. The prevalence of somatic symptom disorder in the general US adult population may be about 5% to 7%. Associated demographic characteristics include female sex, older age, fewer years of education, lower socioeconomic status, unemployment, and a history of childhood adversity, comorbid psychiatric illness, social stress, and reinforcing illness benefits. A high level of medical care utilization rarely alleviates the patient’s concerns.

scholarly journals Systematic review and meta-analysis of psychiatric disorder and the perpetration of partner violence

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Oram ◽  
K. Trevillion ◽  
H. Khalifeh ◽  
G. Feder ◽  
L.M. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Violence

Backgrounds.The extent to which psychiatric disorders are associated with an increased risk of violence to partners is unclear. This review aimed to establish risk of violence against partners among men and women with diagnosed psychiatric disorders.Methods.Systematic review and meta-analysis. Searches of eleven electronic databases were supplemented by hand searching, reference screening and citation tracking of included articles, and expert recommendations.Results.Seventeen studies were included, reporting on 72 585 participants, but only three reported on past year violence. Pooled risk estimates could not be calculated for past year violence against a partner and the three studies did not consistently report increased risk for any diagnosis. Pooled estimates showed an increased risk of having ever been physically violent towards a partner among men with depression (odds ratio (OR) 2.8, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 2.5–3.3), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) (OR 3.2, 95% CI 2.3–4.4) and panic disorder (OR 2.5, 95% CI C% 1.7–3.6). Increased risk was also found among women with depression (OR 2.4, 95% CI 2.1–2.8), GAD (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.9–3.0) and panic disorder (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4–2.5).Conclusions.Psychiatric disorders are associated with high prevalence and increased odds of having ever been physically violent against a partner. As history of violence is a predictor of current violence, mental health professionals should ask about previous partner violence when assessing risk.

scholarly journals Contagion and Psychiatric Disorders: The Social Epidemiology of Risk (Comment on “The Epidemic of Mental Disorders in Business”)

2021 ◽  
pp. 000183922110676
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Keyes ◽  
Jeffrey Shaman
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Social Epidemiology ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Global Movements ◽  
Mental Well Being ◽  
New Hires

In their 2022 paper, Kensbock, Alkærsig, and Lomberg provide compelling evidence of an increased risk in treated depressive, anxiety, and stress-related disorders within workplaces, associated with the introduction of new hires who either have treated disorders themselves or are hired from workplaces with an increased prevalence of treated disorders. The authors interpret these findings as evidence of a “contagion” effect for psychiatric disorders, illustrative of workplace spread of disorder that may affect the mental health of employees. In this commentary, we contextualize these findings through psychiatric epidemiology. The evidence provided by Kensbock and colleagues is consistent with a long history of evidence in psychiatric and social epidemiology illustrating that many health outcomes are affected by those in our social networks and that psychiatric disorders, in particular, evidence spatial and temporal autocorrelation as well as social network spread that can be best conceptualized through well-known infectious disease principles. Thus, there is a large empirical literature that supports the findings of Kensbock, Alkærsig, and Lomberg. That said, the findings should not be overinterpreted; they fit some patterns of previous literature and known facts about psychiatric disorders, but not all. They also must be appropriately situated within the literature on workplace determinants of mental well-being more generally and, in particular, the global movements to situate the rights of workers with mental illness for employment protections and safe working conditions.

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