The Industrial Revolution and Birth of the Anti-Mercantilist Idea:Epistemic Communities and Global Leadership

Journal of World-Systems Research ◽

10.5195/jwsr.1996.69 ◽

1996 ◽

pp. 2-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Daniel J. Whiteneck

Keyword(s):

Agenda Setting ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Bilateral Trade ◽

Global Leadership ◽

Coalition Building ◽

Economic Relations ◽

Long Cycle ◽

Trading Partners ◽

New Perspective

This paper seeks to offer a new perspective on the linkage between global leadership and the role of epistemic communities in international relations. The issue of bilateral trade liberalization between Great Britain and its trading partners rose to prominence on the global agenda in the 1700s by the efforts of British political economists and merchants. These efforts were prompted by changes in economic relations brought about by the Industrial Revolution and its impact on the mercantile system. While this group was small in number and its interactions rudimentary by 20th Century standards, it nonetheless met the qualifications specified by many scholars. It is further argued that such communities are linked to the exercise of global leadership in the long cycle model's phases of agenda setting and coalition building. They arc started and based in the global leader, and arc nurtured by the relatively open social and political structures of that leader. Evidence supporting this argument strengthens the long cycle model's explanatorypower with regard to agenda setting, coalition creation, and the role of innovative solutions to global problems, and makes preeminence in knowledge -based communities another dimension of global leadership.

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Mexico–Canada Economic Relations during the NAFTA Era

10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.920 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Roberto Zepeda

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Bilateral Trade ◽

Trade Agreement ◽

The United States ◽

Trading Partner ◽

Canadian Province ◽

Economic Relations ◽

The North ◽

Trading Partners ◽

Subnational Governments

Canada is Mexico’s third largest trading partner in terms of the overall bilateral trade, and both countries have become strategic allies during the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) era, between 1994 and 2020. Canada, Mexico, and the United States have been members of the NAFTA since 1994. For both Canada and Mexico, the United States is their first trading partner, in terms of exports, imports, and foreign direct investment. NAFTA has paved the way for economic integration between Canada and Mexico during the period of this agreement. It is significant to highlight the notable expansion of Mexico’s exports to Canada, but also of Canada’s investment in Mexico. From a subnational perspective, the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, and Alberta are among Mexico’s most important trading partners. Economic relations between Mexico and Canada has also facilitated international cooperation from subnational governments and important interchanges in education, science, culture, and environment. Quebec is the only Canadian province with a general delegation in Mexico and representations in several subnational states. The Canadian province of Saskatchewan has established important agreements in education with government agencies and universities in Mexico. Relations between Mexico and Canada have strengthened during the NAFTA era. Not only central governments but also subnational governments define the characteristics and dynamics of this relation.

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MEGATRENDS OF E-COMMERCE DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION

Economy of Ukraine ◽

10.15407/economyukr.2018.11.082 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 (11-12) ◽

pp. 82-103

Author(s):

Volodymyr SIDENKO ◽

Keyword(s):

Policy Development ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

New Technologies ◽

The European Union ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Economic Relations ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Positive Effects ◽

The World

The article covers the issues of development of electronic (digital) commerce (EDC) as a key trend in transformation of the world economy. The emphasis is on multidimensional manifestations of the EDC and on a clear tendency towards further diversification of forms of this commerce under conditions of intensive technological transformations of modernity. Its spread is associated with the growing role of the EDC and it is proved that the pace and efficiency of its spread in the sphere of trade and economic operations is largely due to availability of information and communication infrastructure of adequate quality. It is shown that new prospects for the development of e-commerce are related to the key new technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution: analytics based on large databases, blockchain technologies, Internet of things and artificial intelligence. The author argues that the latest technologies create the foundation for a systemic change in the very nature of economic and non-economic relations. It is proved that the process of e-commerce spread is controversial and related to the possible presence of both positive results and negative consequences. Positive effects are primarily owing to a significant reduction in costs and expansion of the range of supply, increasing opportunities for promoting goods and services on the market (especially for small and medium-sized businesses) and a significant reduction of time of commercial operations. At the same time, the importance of security of economic development and protection of the rights of individual is emphasized, as in the context of the spread of e-commerce, the risks in these aspects are increasing. Particular attention is paid to the importance of coordinating the e-commerce policy development. The role of the leading international organizations – the UN (UNCTAD and UNCITRAL), the WTO, the OECD, the World Customs Organization, the Universal Postal Union – in the development and regulation of e-commerce is also described. Taking the European Union (the policy of forming a single digital market) and the Eurasian Economic Union (Digital Agenda of the EAEU until 2025) as an example, the growing importance of international regional policy in addressing this problem is shown.

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Industry 4.0 as the Last Industrial Revolution and Its Opportunities for Developing Countries

Research Anthology on Cross-Industry Challenges of Industry 4.0 ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-8548-1.ch056 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1113-1128

Author(s):

Egemen Hopali ◽

Özalp Vayvay

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Competitive Advantage ◽

Emerging Economies ◽

Value Chain ◽

Industry 4.0 ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Business Partners ◽

The World ◽

New Perspective

In this chapter, better understanding of Industry 4.0 is presented by investigating the role of different technologies and business partners on success of Industry 4.0. Enablers for smart factory are discussed in detail, and how to match these enablers with value chain partners of Industry 4.0 are identified as a new perspective on Industry 4.0. Furthermore, the aim of this chapter is to present actions to be taken from the point of the emerging economies to sustain and increase competitive advantage by catching and implementing Industry 4.0. Consequently, Industry 4.0 can enable developing countries to get a bigger slice of the world manufacturing value chain.

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Compositional Effect and Distance Sensitivity: Examining the Distance Elasticity in China and Indonesia Trade Activities

Signifikan Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi ◽

10.15408/sjie.v8i1.7469 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 79-92

Author(s):

Putu Mahardika Adi Saputra

Keyword(s):

Gravity Model ◽

Bilateral Trade ◽

Empirical Method ◽

Trade Data ◽

Compositional Effect ◽

Trading Partners

This paper analyzes the change in distance elasticity of trade using bilateral trade data among China and Indonesia and their main trading partners. The empirical method used in this study derived from the gravity model that considers the effect of distance on trade activities behavior. Two causes of change in the elasticity of trade to distance will be exposed, i.e., the distance sensitivity effect (within industries) and the compositional effect (among industries). Specifically, this study would like to prove whether the distance sensitivity effect is more dominant than the compositional effect in explaining the change in distance elasticity of trade. By using four sub-periods and around two hundred industries involved, the result shows that the increase in the role of distance in trade heavily caused by the escalation of distance sensitivity effect in most industries.

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Industry 4.0 as the Last Industrial Revolution and Its Opportunities for Developing Countries

Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics - Analyzing the Impacts of Industry 4.0 in Modern Business Environments ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-3468-6.ch004 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 65-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Egemen Hopali ◽

Özalp Vayvay

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Competitive Advantage ◽

Emerging Economies ◽

Value Chain ◽

Industry 4.0 ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Business Partners ◽

The World ◽

New Perspective

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The CER Negotiations

Policy Quarterly ◽

10.26686/pq.v16i4.6615 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Tim Groser

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Bilateral Trade ◽

Trade Agreement ◽

Living Standards ◽

Economic Relations ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Bilateral Trade Agreement ◽

Key Drivers ◽

The Uk

This article is an ‘insider’s account’ of the background to the negotiation of New Zealand’s first comprehensive bilateral trade agreement, the Australia–New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, or CER. It argues that this agreement marked the first step in the process of a systematic reform of the New Zealand economy along orthodox liberal economic principles, and, in that sense, anticipated the comprehensive internal economic reforms initiated some two years later by the Labour government headed by David Lange. It analyses key ‘drivers’ of CER: the growing realisation that New Zealand was falling further and further behind Australia in its living standards, and the shock of the entry of the UK into the EEC, which forced a diversification of New Zealand trade and foreign policy away from the United Kingdom towards the AsiaPacific region. It includes a critical re-evaluation of the role of Prime Minister Robert Muldoon in the negotiations during a period of New Zealand political history in which he was dominant.

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Creating British Global Leadership: The Liberal Trading Community from 1750 to 1792

Journal of World-Systems Research ◽

10.5195/jwsr.1998.157 ◽

1998 ◽

pp. 76-95

Author(s):

Daniel J. Whiteneck

Keyword(s):

Great Britain ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

International Political Economy ◽

Global Leadership ◽

Coalition Building ◽

General Level ◽

Napoleonic Wars ◽

Economic Liberalism ◽

Global Power ◽

Innovative Solution

This paper explores the process by which Great Britain rose to a position of global leadership in the 1800s. It examines the critical period from 1750 to 1792 when Great Britain moved from global leadership based on colonial/mercantile power to leadership based on industrial/commercial power. I hypothesize that the roots of the Pax Britannica of 1815-1873 have their source in the emerging liberal trading community created by the British in the fifty years before the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. This coalition of states was created around a dominant new idea (economic liberalism) based in the distribution of positive benefits from inclusion in the community, and intended to provide an innovative solution to the problems of international political economy created by the burgeoning industrial revolution. The community was created through the actions of successive British governments throughout the period, and served as the basis for the British-led coalitions which emerged victorious from the global wars of 1792 to 1815. This case study helps answer important questions about how Great Britain was able to move from one period of global leadership to another, and on a more general level provides some insights into the role coalition-building plays in attaining and exercising global power.

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