scholarly journals The Frequency-Dependence of Pre- and Postganglionic Nerve Stimulation of Pig and Rat Bladder

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-218
Author(s):  
Darryl Kitney ◽  
John Crook ◽  
Basu Chakrabarty ◽  
Anthony Kanai ◽  
Bahareh Vahabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Dependence ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Bladder Wall ◽  
Pelvic Nerve ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Contractile Activation ◽  
Sites Of Action ◽  
Intramural Ganglia ◽  
Stimulation Of

Purpose: The urinary bladder generates phasic contractions via action potentials generated in pre- and then postganglionic neurons. Whilst the frequency-dependence of postganglionic neurons to generate contractions has been quantified, the dynamic range of preganglionic neurons is less clear and if intramural ganglia exert frequency-dependent modulation of transmission between pre- and postganglionic neurons. The phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor sildenafil reduces neurotransmitter release from postganglionic fibres to detrusor smooth muscle and an additional question was if there was also a preganglionic action. This study aimed to compare the frequency range of bladder contractile activation by pre- and postganglionic stimulation in pig and rat bladders and if sildenafil exerted additional preganglionic actions.Methods: An arterially-perfused ex vivo pig bladder preparation was used for preganglionic (pelvic nerve) and mixed pre-and postganglionic (direct bladder wall) stimulation at 36°C and postganglionic mediated contractions achieved by field-stimulation of in vitro isolated detrusor strips. With rats, pelvic nerve stimulation was carried out in vivo and postganglionic stimulation also with isolated detrusor strips.Results: All contractions were abolished by 2% lignocaine indicating they are nerve-mediated. Stimulation targets were verified with hexamethonium that completely abolished pelvic nerve responses by had no effect on detrusor strips; responses to mixed bladder wall stimulation were partially reduced. The frequency-dependence of contractile activation was similar whether by pre- or postganglionic stimulation in both pigs and rats. Sildenafil reduced contractions to preganglionic stimulation significantly more than to postganglionic stimulation. Mixed pre- and postganglionic stimulation were reduced by an intermediate extent.Conclusions: Intramural ganglia offer no frequency-dependent modulation under the experimental conditions used here and the sildenafil data are consistent with multiple sites of action underlying generation of bladder contractions. A translational aspect of these findings is discussed in terms of setting stimulation parameters for neuromodulation protocols.

scholarly journals Engineered Stem Cells Improve Neurogenic Bladder by Overexpressing SDF-1 in a Pelvic Nerve Injury Rat Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 096368972090246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guan Qun Zhu ◽  
Seung Hwan Jeon ◽  
Kyu Won Lee ◽  
Hyuk Jin Cho ◽  
U-Syn Ha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Neurogenic Bladder ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Bladder Wall ◽  
Bladder Function ◽  
Pelvic Nerve ◽  
Injured Nerve

There is still a lack of sufficient research on the mechanism behind neurogenic bladder (NB) treatment. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of overexpressed stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) secreted by engineered immortalized mesenchymal stem cells (imMSCs) on the NB. In this study, primary bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) were transfected into immortalized upregulated SDF-1-engineered BM-MSCs (imMSCs/eSDF-1+) or immortalized normal SDF-1-engineered BM-MSCs (imMSCs/eSDF-1−). NB rats induced by bilateral pelvic nerve (PN) transection were treated with imMSCs/eSDF-1+, imMSCs/eSDF-1−, or sham. After a 4-week treatment, the bladder function was assessed by cystometry and voiding pattern analysis. The PN and bladder tissues were evaluated via immunostaining and western blotting analysis. We found that imMSCs/eSDF-1+ expressed higher levels of SDF-1 in vitro and in vivo. The treatment of imMSCs/eSDF-1+ improved NB and evidently stimulated the recovery of bladder wall in NB rats. The recovery of injured nerve was more effective in the NB+imMSCs/eSDF-1+ group than in other groups. High SDF-1 expression improved the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Apoptosis was decreased after imMSCs injection, and was detected rarely in the NB+imMSCs/eSDF-1+ group. Injection of imMSCs boosted the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, p-AKT, and p-ERK in the NB+imMSCs/eSDF-1+ group than in other groups. Our findings demonstrated that overexpression of SDF-1 induced additional MSC homing to the injured tissue, which improved the NB by accelerating the restoration of injured nerve in a rat model.

Frequency dependent myocardial potassium fluxes during   adrenergic stimulation of intact pig hearts

1991 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 364-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Ellingsen ◽  
O. M Sejersted ◽  
O. A Vengen ◽  
A. Ilebekk
Keyword(s):  
Adrenergic Stimulation ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Stimulation Of

Inhibitory control of proximal colonic motility by the sympathetic nervous system

1987 ◽  
Vol 253 (4) ◽  
pp. G531-G539 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Gillis ◽  
J. Dias Souza ◽  
K. A. Hicks ◽  
A. W. Mangel ◽  
F. D. Pagani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Adrenergic Receptors ◽  
Vagal Stimulation ◽  
Colonic Motility ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Pelvic Nerve ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not the sympathetic nervous system provides a tonic inhibitory input to the colon in chloralose-anesthetized cats. Proximal and midcolonic motility were monitored using extraluminal force transducers. An intravenous bolus injection of 5 mg of phentolamine in 14 animals elicited a pronounced increase in proximal colon contractility. The minute motility index changed from 0 +/- 0 to 26 +/- 4 after phentolamine administration. Midcolonic motility also increased in response to phentolamine. Specific blockade of alpha 2-receptors, but not alpha 1-receptors, caused the same response seen with phentolamine. alpha-Adrenergic blockade increased colon contractility after spinal cord transection but not after ganglionic blockade. Blockade of alpha-adrenergic receptors was also performed before vagal and pelvic nerve stimulation and in both cases increased colonic motility. Vagal stimulation alone had no effect on colonic contractility, while pelvic nerve stimulation increased motility at the midcolon. alpha-Receptor blockade did not alter the ineffectiveness of vagal stimulation but did unmask excitatory effects of pelvic nerve stimulation on the proximal colon. All excitatory colonic responses were prevented by blocking muscarinic cholinergic receptors. These data indicate that tonic sympathetic nervous system activity exerts an inhibitory effect on colonic motility. The inhibitory effect is mediated through alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. Based on these findings, we suggest that alterations in sympathetic nervous system activity may be extremely important for the regulation of circular muscle contractions in the colon.

THE EFFECT OF THYROID HORMONE ON THE RATE OF BOTH NEUROMUSCULAR AND MUSCULAR FAILURE IN ADRENALECTOMIZED MICE MAINTAINED ON SALT

1958 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARY F. LOCKETT ◽  
S. N. GANJU
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Rat Diaphragm ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Normal Rat ◽  
Stimulation Of

SUMMARY Pretreatment of salt-maintained adrenalectomized mice for 6 days with 3–6 mg dried thyroid gland, or with 0·25 μg of either l-thyroxine or l-triiodothyronine, per mouse per day, delayed the early onset of both neuromuscular and muscular failure which are characteristic of these animals. Dose-effect curves for the action of thyroxine on the myoneural junctions and striped muscle fibres are given. A concentration of 0·05μg l-triiodothyronine/100 ml. bath fluid antagonized potassium reduction of the maximal twitch of the normal rat diaphragm in response to nerve stimulation, but not in response to direct stimulation of the curarized muscle.

scholarly journals Intruder colour and light environment jointly determine how nesting male stickleback respond to simulated territorial intrusions

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 20160467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel I. Bolnick ◽  
Kimberly Hendrix ◽  
Lyndon Alexander Jordan ◽  
Thor Veen ◽  
Chad D. Brock
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Dependence ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Light Environment ◽  
Depth Gradient ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Negative Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Colour Signals

Variation in male nuptial colour signals might be maintained by negative frequency-dependent selection. This can occur if males are more aggressive towards rivals with locally common colour phenotypes. To test this hypothesis, we introduced red or melanic three-dimensional printed-model males into the territories of nesting male stickleback from two optically distinct lakes with different coloured residents. Red-throated models were attacked more in the population with red males, while melanic models were attacked more in the melanic male lake. Aggression against red versus melanic models also varied across a depth gradient within each lake, implying that the local light environment also modulated the strength of negative frequency dependence acting on male nuptial colour.

scholarly journals Frequency dependence and gender effects in visual cortical regions involved in temporal frequency dependent pattern processing

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kaufmann ◽  
Gregor-Konstantin Elbel ◽  
Christoff Gössl ◽  
Benno Pütz ◽  
Dorothee P. Auer
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Dependence ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Pattern Processing ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Visual Cortical

Activity in the Locust Nerve Cord in Response to Wing-Nerve Stimulation

1970 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-673
Author(s):  
ERIK GETTRUP
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Repetitive Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Nerve cord activity in response to repetitive stimulation of wing nerves 1C1 and 1D was investigated in preparations of locusts. Firings of single central units occurred at latencies defined with an accuracy of few milliseconds. Various recordings of latencies show that it is not possible to exclude ganglionic synapses within the pathways considered. 2. Records from the connectives anterior to the mesothoracic ganglion or from the abdominal connectives show an increase in activity during repetitive stimulation. When recorded between prothoracic and mesothoracic ganglia a response was found in ipsilateral as well as contralateral connectives. 3. The ipsilateral and contralateral responses were delayed differently with respect to the stimulus. When nerve 1C1 of metathorax was activated the ipsilateral delay amounted to 7 msec., s.d. 2 msec., whereas the contralateral delay was found to be 8 msec., s.d. 3.4 msec. Ipsi- and contralateral latencies during stimulation of 1D of the metathorax were 5 msec., s.d. 1.4 msec.

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