scholarly journals Stability of gold standard and its selected consequences: a comment

2021 ◽  
pp. 159-175
Author(s):  
David Howden
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Austrian Economics ◽  
New Production ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Natural Break ◽  
Small Economy ◽  
Second World

Kvasnicˇka (2007) attempts to demonstrate that the gold standard may be an unlikely alternative for small economies to revert to. The crux of his argument deals with supply considerations that could prove fatal to a fledgling currency. An influx of gold from the world’s existing gold stock, or its new production could prove to be a destabilising supply-side factor undermining the usability, and hence, adoption, of such a monetary system. We find fault with this for two main theoretical reasons. First, a distinction must be made between gold stock, and monetary gold. Second, the mechanism that creates monetary gold works as a natural break on unrestrained supply growth. Several additional clarifications are necessary as well, among them the role money supply plays in the trade cycle, and the casual relationship that exists between supply and price. Finally, an insightful comparison used linking monetary gold in a small economy to the use of cigarettes in a Second World War P.O.W. camp must be slightly altered to make a true comparison. Kvasnicˇka does a great service to free-marketers by providing a theoretical attack on the choice of gold as a medium of exchange, however, in light of this paper’s theoretical conclusions, the free-market defence of commodity money endures. JEL Classification: B53 – Austrian Economics, E42 – Monetary Systems, E51 – Money Supply.

scholarly journals EN DEFENSA DEL EURO: UN ENFOQUE AUSTRIACO (Con una crítica a los errores del B.C.E. y al intervencionismo de Bruselas)

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-49
Author(s):  
Jesús Huerta de Soto
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Austrian Economics ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Flexible Exchange Rates ◽  
The Welfare State

This paper defends the Euro from the point of view of Austrian Economics. Folloming Mises and Hayek it demonstrates the Euro is acting as a proxy of the gold standard disciplining polititians and putting a limit to the growth of the welfare state. Key words: Gold standard, fixed and flexible exchange rates, welfare state crisis, competition among monetary areas, keynesianism, monetarism, Austrian School. JEL Classification: N15, N45, O53, P11, X10. Resumen: En este artículo se efectúa una defensa del euro desde el punto de vista de la Escuela Austriaca. Partiendo de Mises y Hayek, se demuestra que el euro, para sorpresa de sus fundadores, está actuando como un proxy del patrón oro, capaz de disciplinar a los políticos y de limitar el estado de bienestar. Palabras clave: Patrón oro, tipos de cambio fijos y flexibles, crisis del estado del bienestar, competencia entre áreas monetarias, Escuela Austriaca, keynesianismo, monetarismo. Clasificación JEL: N15, N45, O53, P11, X10.

scholarly journals Politica monetaria, prezzo degli asset e ciclo immobiliare

2021 ◽  
pp. 361-379
Author(s):  
Gaetano Elnekave
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Asset Prices ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Credit Expansion ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Asset Bubble

Asset prices depend on monetary policy of credit expansion. This mechanism is the trigger of economics cycle (boom and bust) that eventually leads the production structure to get narrower and to capital destruction. CBs have a dilemma: after an asset bubble explosion, doing again with policy of credit expansion (the same that produced the cycle) to fight de-flationary effects, above all in banks balance sheets, or trying to prevent the asset bubble explosion throughout QE policies, endangering real economy with inflationist pressures. That is a dilemma without solution. The solution is the elimination of CBs, the return to real money in a free market environment, with an unadulterated gold standard and the respect of traditional principles of contract in the banking sector. We need study the monetary system in terms of quality of money and not according the Quantity Theory of Money. Key words: Monetary Policy, Asset Prices, Asset Bubbles, Business Cycles, Housing Market, Quality of Money vs Quantity of Money. JEL Classification: E2, E21, E3, E32; E42, E5, E52, R31. Resumen: Los precios de los activos dependen de la política monetaria de expansión. Éste mecanismo es el desencadenante del ciclo económico que lleva a un estrechamiento de la estructura productiva y a la destrucción de los bienes de capital. Los bancos centrales se encuentran frente a un dilema: tras la explosión de la burbuja, o actuar con políticas de expansión para evitar las consecuencias de la deflación monetaria en particular sobre los balances de los bancos, o intentar evitar la explosión de la burbuja con más inyección de crédito, pero con el peligro de inflación de los precios en la economía real. Se trata de un dilema sin solución. La solución para eliminar los ciclos es la desaparición de los bancos centrales, el retorno a la «mo - neda-sana», al libre mercado, al patrón oro y al respeto de los principios tradicionales del derecho en el sector bancario. El análisis hay que efectuarlo no en terminos de la cantidad ideal de dinero, sino en terminos de la «ca-lidad» del mismo. Palabras clave: Política Monetaria, Precios de los Activos, Burbujas, Ciclos Económicos, Mercado Inmobiliario, Calidad de la Moneda vs Cantidad de la Moneda. Clasificación JEL: E2, E21, E3, E32; E42, E5, E52, R31.

scholarly journals Blocking progress in Austrian economics: a rejoinder

2017 ◽  
pp. 153-172
Author(s):  
Mark Skousen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Austrian Economics ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Consumer Spending ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Structure Of Production

This paper shows that Block and Barnett (BnB) critique of Gross Out-put (GO) is wrong-headed and misguided, and is another sad example of why their limited version of Austrian economics is blocking the progress of the best that Austrian economics has to offer to the profession. I reject BnB’s assertion that GO is a «new threat to economic freedom» and «another government con.» To the contrary, the quarterly release of GO data has gone a long way to dispel falsehoods about the economy and government policies, while adding important information about how the economy works. It’s a triumph in supply- side Austrian economics, and should be celebrated by free-market economists everywhere. Keywords: Gross Output (GO), Austrian economics, structure of production, Hayek triangle, consumer spending. JEL Classification: B53, E23, E25. Resumen: Este trabajo muestra que la crítica de Block y Barnett (BnB) a la pro-ducción bruta (GO) es errónea y equivocada, y es otro triste ejemplo de por qué su versión limitada de la economía austriaca está bloqueando el progreso de lo mejor que la economía austriaca puede ofrecer a la profesión. Concretamente, este trabajo rechaza la afirmación de BnB de que GO es una «nueva amenaza a la libertad económica» y «otra estafa del gobierno». Por el contrario, la publicación trimestral de datos de GO ha recorrido un largo camino para disipar falsedades sobre la economía y las políticas gubernamen-tales, al tiempo que proporciona información sobre cómo funciona la econo-mía. GO representa un triunfo para la economía austriaca de la oferta, y debe ser celebrado por los economistas del mercado libre en cualquier parte. Palabras clave: Producto bruto (GO), economía austriaca, estructura de la pro-ducción, triángulo de Hayek, gasto del consumidor. Clasificación JEL: B53, E23, E25.

The Russian Gold Standard, 1897–1914

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian M. Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Monetary System

This paper examines the workings of the Imperial Russian gold standard, presents annual estimates on money supply under three definitions, and compares changes in money with changes in gold reserves, finding no relation. The Russian monetary system was insulated from gold movements in at least seven ways, of which three were accidental and four were deliberate. The article concludes on a note of speculative skepticism about the macro-economic significance of the rate of monetary growth, and of the gold standard itself, during the period.

scholarly journals Ludwig von Mises as currency school free banker

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-49
Author(s):  
Joseph T. Salerno
Keyword(s):  
Jel Classification ◽  
Austrian Economics ◽  
Free Banking ◽  
Ludwig Von Mises ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Means And Ends ◽  
Monetary Equilibrium ◽  
Demand Deposits ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
Von Mises

The centennial of the publication of the first German edition of Ludwig von Mises’s The Theory of Money and Credit offers an excellent opportunity to reconsider a long-standing controversy within modern Austrian economics. This revolves around the question of whether Ludwig von Mises favored 100-percent gold reserve banking imposed by law or free banking based on gold as the ideal monetary system. In this paper, I suggest that this debate is fundamentally misfocused and conflates means and ends. I argue that Mises advocated free banking as the most suitable means for achieving the goal of suppressing the issue of fiduciary media, in the form of bank notes and demand deposits. This goal was first enunciated by the nineteenth-century British currency school and embodied in its famous «currency principle.» My thesis is that Mises was a proponent of both the currency principle and free banking and that he viewed the latter as the indispensable means to regulate the behavior of the money supply according to the former. In defending this thesis, I seek to reframe the debate on Mises’s monetary views in a more meaningful way and to contribute to its resolution. Key words: Mises, Currency School, Free Banking, Currency Principle, Monetary Equilibrium. JEL Classification: B31, B53, E42, E52. Resumen: El centenario de la publicación de la primera edición alemana de The Theory of Money and Credit de Ludwig von Mises, ofrece una exce-lente oportunidad para reconsiderar una controversia duradera dentro de la economía austriaca moderna. Ésta gira en torno a la cuestión de si Ludwig von Mises apoyó una banca de reserva en oro del 100% impues-ta por ley o una banca libre basada en el oro como su sistema monetario ideal. En este trabajo, sugiero que este debate está fundamentalmente mal enfocado y confunde medios y fines. Sostengo que Mises defendió un siste-ma de banca libre como el medio más adecuado para lograr el objetivo de suprimir la emisión de dinero fiduciario en forma de billetes bancarios y depósitos a la vista. Este objetivo fue inicialmente enunciado por la Escue-la Monetaria del siglo XIX e incorporado en su famoso «principio mone-tario.» Mi tesis es que Mises fue proponente del principio monetario y de la banca libre, y que observó a esta última como el medio indispensable para regular el comportamiento de la oferta monetaria conforme al prime-ro. En la defensa de esta tesis, trato de replantear el debate sobre las ideas monetarias de Mises de una forma más relevante y contribuir de este modo a su resolución. Palabras clave: Mises, Escuela Monetaria, Banca Libre, Principio Monetario, Equilibrio Monetario. Clasificación JEL: B31, B53, E42, E52.

scholarly journals Austrian economics and new currency theory on 100% banking: A response to Huber

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-136
Author(s):  
Philipp Bagus
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Austrian Economics ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Monetary Reform ◽  
Fiat Money ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Reform Plan ◽  
Palabras Clave

This article is a response to Huber (2013) Notes on the occasion of reading Jesús Huerta de Soto. We first analyze and critique the five main arguments Huber brings forward against Huerta de Soto’s theory and monetary reform plan. Second, we clarify some of Huber’s misunderstandings regarding Huerta de Soto’s theory and Austrian economics in general. Finally, we proceed to criticize the New Currency School and Huber’s ideal monetary system of a 100% fiat money. Key words: 100% banking, New Currency School, Austrian School, Monetary Reform, Huber, Huerta de Soto. JEL Classification: E40, E50, B53, B59. Resumen: Este artículo es una respuesta a Huber (2013) Notes on the occasion of reading Jesús Huerta de Soto. Primero, analizamos y criticamos los cinco argumentos principales que Huber lanza contra la teoría y la reforma monetaria que plantea Huerta de Soto. Segundo, clarificamos algunos de los malenten-didos acerca de la teoría de Huerta de Soto y la Escuela Austriaca en gene - ral. Al final, procedemos a criticar a la Nueva Escuela Monetaria y el siste - ma monetario ideal de Huber, que es un sistema de dinero fiat 100%. Palabras clave: Banca 100%, Nueva Escuela Monetaria, Escuela Austriaca, Reforma Monetaria, Huber, Huerta de Soto. Clasificación JEL: E40, E50, B53, B59.

The Liberalizers: Justifying Free-Market Finance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louçã Francisco ◽  
Ash Michael
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Economic Regulation ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
The Us ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Second World ◽  
The New Deal

Chapter 5 traces how free market ideology displaced the apparent consensus on economic regulation that emerged from the Depression, the New Deal, and the Second World War. Viewed as cranks within economics through the 1960s, Milton Friedman and his supporters built an apparatus of ideas, publications, students, think tanks, and rich supporters, establishing outposts in Latin America and the UK. When developed economies faltered in the 1970s, Friedman’s neoliberal doctrine was ready. With citizens, consumers, and workers feeling worked over by monopolies, inflation, unemployment, and taxes, these strange bedfellows elected Reagan in the US and Thatcher in the UK and rolled to power in academia and in public discourse with a doctrine of privatization, liberalization, and deregulation. Friedman, Eugene Fama, and James Buchanan whose radical free market views triumphed at the end of the 1970s are profiled. A technical appendix, “Skeptics and Critics vs. True Believers” explores the economic debates.

scholarly journals A Model of the International Monetary System*

2017 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Farhi ◽  
Matteo Maggiori
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
International Monetary System ◽  
Rate System ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Triffin Dilemma ◽  
World Supply

AbstractWe propose a simple model of the international monetary system. We study the world supply and demand for reserve assets denominated in different currencies under a variety of scenarios: a hegemon versus a multipolar world; abundant versus scarce reserve assets; and a gold exchange standard versus a floating rate system. We rationalize the Triffin dilemma, which posits the fundamental instability of the system, as well as the common prediction regarding the natural and beneficial emergence of a multipolar world, the Nurkse warning that a multipolar world is more unstable than a hegemon world, and the Keynesian argument that a scarcity of reserve assets under a gold standard or at the zero lower bound is recessionary. Our analysis is both positive and normative.

scholarly journals External and internal macroeconomic shocks in case of small economy with the currency board

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-62
Author(s):  
Jelena Vitomir ◽  
Đorđe Lazić
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Real Exchange Rate ◽  
Money Supply ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Nominal Exchange Rate ◽  
Currency Board ◽  
High Unemployment Rate ◽  
Small Economy

External and internal economic shocks can threaten the macroeconomic stability of a small economy. In the currency board regime, there is no role for the Central Bank as a macroeconomic stabilizer in the event of an external or internal shock. In this paper, the research is based on the analysis of eight countries with small economies with currency boards or discretionary monetary policy. The impact and connections between changes in EURIBOR, interest rates, inflation measured by the GDP deflator, money supply and GDP in the period 1997-2015 are analyzed. The paper proves that in countries with a currency board, whose regimes have a harmonized relationship with the European Central Bank and EURIBOR, interest rate shocks are less pronounced. The analysis of the links between EURIBOR, interest rates, money supply, inflation and GDP is not statistically significant in the "experiment" countries. In the control sample of countries with a variable exchange rate, the situation is heterogeneous for individual countries, but statistical significance has been determined in relation to EURIBOR and inflation. We conclude that EURIBOR may be one of the generators of exogenous shocks. In the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), there are much more significant internal transmission mechanisms that lead to macroeconomic imbalances. The growth of deposits was preceded by the growth of loans and money supply. This led to a fall in interest rates which the Central Bank of BiH (CBB&H) could not influence due to the currency board. However, the fall in interest rates did not yield the expected results. GDP has shrunk, inflation is falling, while at the same time the high unemployment rate has remained unchanged. The nominal exchange rate of the domestic currency was determined by law, but there was an appreciation of the real exchange rate, which affected the increase in the foreign trade imbalance. The result of the currency board is price stability, nominal exchange rate stability and money supply growth. Negative results are: appreciation of the real exchange rate, faster growth of imports and maintaining a very high unemployment rate. Macroeconomic developments in the BiH economy do not always have the right course that can be expected in mature economies. The achievements and applicability of standard macroeconomic policies are very limited.

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