Volunteers from Sanjak in Galicia (1916/1917)

Based on unpublished sources from Serbian, Turkish, Austrian and other archives, we illuminate the phenomenon of Muslim volunteers (volunteers). In this study, on the basis of archival material and the telling of contemporaries, we are talking about Bosniak warriors who were taken away to write history, but most of them did not know the geography. Namely, after the occupation of the Sandžak region (November 21, 1915), in the autumn of 1916 - the spring of 1917, the Austro-Hungarian Army, with the help of local ages and begs, carried out a fierce propaganda campaign, after which in the struggle against the Russians, front in Ukraine, took more than 10 thousand volunteers aged between 18 and 50 years. The occupying Austro-Hungarian authorities used the Ottoman Empire to enter the First World War on the side of the Central Powers for propaganda against the forces of Antanta, accusing them of the First World War for the destruction of Muslims, opposing the Bosniak population the illusion of the renewal of the Ottoman authorities in Sandzak. The second phase of mobilization (1917) denies the claim of "volunteers" because most of them are violently intervened. In the nation, these warriors were still known as "dwarfs". Most of them disappeared or transferred to the Middle East fronts. Every tenth captured or survived returned to homeland, which explains the vast post-war depopulation of the male population.

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THE BRITISH MANDATE AND THE UPRISING OF 1920 IN IRAQ

Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Historical science ◽

10.37279/2413-1741-2021-7-1-140-153 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (73) (1) ◽

pp. 140-153

Author(s):

S. S. Shchevelev

Keyword(s):

Great Britain ◽

Middle East ◽

World War I ◽

Ottoman Empire ◽

Initial Period ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

British Mandate ◽

The First World War ◽

First World

The article examines the initial period of the mandate administration of Iraq by Great Britain, the anti-British uprising of 1920. The chronological framework covers the period from May 1916 to October 1921 and includes an analysis of events in the Middle East from May 1916, when the secret agreement on the division of the territories of the Ottoman Empire after the end of World War I (the Sykes-Picot agreement) was concluded before the proclamation of Faisal as king of Iraq and from the formation of the country՚s government. This period is a key one in the Iraqi-British relations at the turn of the 10-20s of the ХХ century. The author focuses on the Anglo-French negotiations during the First World War, on the eve and during the Paris Peace Conference on the division of the territory of the Ottoman Empire and the ownership of the territories in the Arab zone. During these negotiations, it was decided to transfer the mandates for Syria (with Lebanon) to the France, and Palestine and Mesopotamia (Iraq) to Great Britain. The British in Iraq immediately faced strong opposition from both Sunnis and Shiites, resulting in an anti-English uprising in 1920. The author describes the causes, course and consequences of this uprising.

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The Finest Feats of the War? The Captures of Baghdad and Jerusalem during the First World War and Public Opinion throughout the British Empire

War in History ◽

10.1177/0968344515592911 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 64-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Justin Fantauzzo

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

British Empire ◽

Middle Eastern ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

The Press ◽

War Effort ◽

Post War ◽

First World

In March and December 1917 the British Empire won two much-needed victories in Mesopotamia and Palestine: Baghdad and Jerusalem. Both cities were steeped in biblical and oriental lore and both victories happened in a year that had been otherwise disastrous. Throughout the British Empire the press, public, and politicians debated the importance of the two successes, focusing on the effect they would have on the empire’s prestige, the Allies’ war strategy, and the post-war Middle East. Far from being overwhelmed by the ‘romance’ of the fighting in the Middle East, the press’s and public’s response reveals a remarkably well-informed, sophisticated, and occasionally combative debate about the empire’s Middle Eastern war effort.

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The East’s Eastern Front: The Ottoman–Russian Clash in the Great War and Its Legacies

War in History ◽

10.1177/0968344519827333 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 096834451982733

Author(s):

Michael A. Reynolds

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Ottoman Empire ◽

Russian Empire ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

Eastern Front ◽

The First World War ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

The Great War ◽

First World

This article provides an overview of the neglected Caucasian front of the First World War and explores its impact on the overall course of the war and its legacy for the Middle East and Eurasia. By unexpectedly prolonging hostilities and leading the Russian empire to overextend itself, the conflict with the Ottoman empire contributed critically to Russia’s revolutionary crisis and collapse and thereby altered decisively the fate of the Middle East and Eurasia. The article places the Ottoman–Russian conflict in the context of the relentless growth of Western European military and economic might from the eighteenth century onward.

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Constructing the Index of Arabs

Fluid Jurisdictions ◽

10.7591/cornell/9781501750878.003.0006 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 121-141

Author(s):

Nurfadzilah Yahaya

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Southeast Asia ◽

Ottoman Empire ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

Imperial Power ◽

History Of ◽

Sepoy Mutiny ◽

First World

This chapter elaborates the gradual dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War contributed to the nationalization of the Arab diaspora in the British and Dutch colonial imagination. It highlights a phenomenon which linked the diaspora to an Arab nation instead of the colonies in Southeast Asia where they had established themselves. As much as the surveillance was focused on Southeast Asia, the chapter reveals that the British interests in the Middle East, in the wake of the demise of the major imperial power in the region (the Ottomans), dictated the direction of surveillance policies. It outlines how the First World War formed a watershed moment in the history of British–Arab relations in Southeast Asia. The chapter also looks at how the strained wartime resources caused colonial officials to feel more vulnerable and isolated, leading them to cement their alliance with the Arab community. Ultimately, the chapter examines the constant attempts of the members of the Arab diaspora who continually tried to prove their utility and legitimacy to colonial authorities, culminating in 1915, in the wake of the Sepoy Mutiny in Singapore, in an alliance with the British of Muslims loyal to the king of England.

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4. History and power, from below and above

Postcolonialism: A Very Short Introduction ◽

10.1093/actrade/9780198856832.003.0005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 49-60

Author(s):

Robert J. C. Young

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Ottoman Empire ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

Western Countries ◽

The First World War ◽

Internal Affairs ◽

First World

‘History and power, from below and above’ addresses the continuing interference by former colonial powers in the internal affairs of independent decolonized states. Indeed, countries that achieved sovereignty in their independence struggles still find that they are the object of interventions by the Western countries that had once ruled them. Has the Middle East ever really been free of Western interference since Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798 or the remnants of the Ottoman Empire were divided up between Britain and France at the end of the First World War? An interesting example can be seen in the intermittent bombing of Baghdad and Iraq by Western powers since 1920.

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2. The Emergence of the Middle East into the Modern State System

International Relations of the Middle East ◽

10.1093/hepl/9780198708742.003.0003 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eugene L. Rogan

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

International Relations ◽

International System ◽

First World War ◽

Historical Overview ◽

World War ◽

System P ◽

The First World War ◽

Post War ◽

First World

This chapter examines the origins and the entry of Middle East states into the international system after the First World War. Drawing on the ideas of the English School of international relations, it traces the emergence of the Middle East that saw states entering and participating in the international society. After providing a historical overview of the Arab entry to international relations, the chapter considers diplomacy under the Ottoman Empire as well as the Ottoman legacy of statehood. It then discusses plans for the partition of the Middle East during the First World War, along with the post-war settlement. It also describes the colonial framework of the Middle East that emerged from the post-war negotiations and concludes with an assessment of the Arab states’ efforts to address the Palestine crisis in 1947 and 1948.

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2. The Emergence of the Middle East into the Modern State System

International Relations of the Middle East ◽

10.1093/hepl/9780198809425.003.0002 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 39-62

Author(s):

Eugene L. Rogan

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Ottoman Empire ◽

International System ◽

First World War ◽

State System ◽

World War ◽

Stable States ◽

System P ◽

The First World War ◽

First World

This chapter traces the origins and the entry of Middle East states into the international system after the First World War. The modern states of the Arab Middle East emerged from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the post-First World War settlement. The fall of the Ottoman Empire left the Turks and Arabs ready for statehood, although unprepared for dealing with the international system. Indeed, the Palestine crisis brought to light Arab weaknesses in the international arena and in regional affairs that were a legacy of the way in which the colonial powers shaped the emergence of the modern Middle East. Ultimately, the emergence of the state system in the Middle East is a history both of the creation of stable states and of destabilizing conflicts.

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‘Machinic Desire’: Wyndham Lewis, Masculinity and the Sublime Horror of Technological War

Modernist Cultures ◽

10.3366/mod.2020.0310 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 488-514

Author(s):

Udith Dematagoda

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Wyndham Lewis ◽

World War ◽

Technological Society ◽

The Sublime ◽

The First World War ◽

Post War ◽

First World

This article explores Wyndham Lewis's experience of the First World War, and its influence on his varied artistic output. It interrogates how Lewis's initial ambivalence towards an emergent technological society shifted through direct encounters with mechanized warfare, and speculates on the effect of these upon his post-war writing and criticism. By contrasting Lewis's thought against that of his Italian Futurist contemporaries, I will demonstrate the centrality of their divergent conceptions of masculinity in accounting for this opposition – and how Lewis's critique of technological society prefigures contemporary opposition towards the post-humanist philosophy of Accelerationism.

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