Constructing the Index of Arabs

2020 ◽  
pp. 121-141
Author(s):  
Nurfadzilah Yahaya
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sepoy Mutiny ◽  
First World

This chapter elaborates the gradual dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War contributed to the nationalization of the Arab diaspora in the British and Dutch colonial imagination. It highlights a phenomenon which linked the diaspora to an Arab nation instead of the colonies in Southeast Asia where they had established themselves. As much as the surveillance was focused on Southeast Asia, the chapter reveals that the British interests in the Middle East, in the wake of the demise of the major imperial power in the region (the Ottomans), dictated the direction of surveillance policies. It outlines how the First World War formed a watershed moment in the history of British–Arab relations in Southeast Asia. The chapter also looks at how the strained wartime resources caused colonial officials to feel more vulnerable and isolated, leading them to cement their alliance with the Arab community. Ultimately, the chapter examines the constant attempts of the members of the Arab diaspora who continually tried to prove their utility and legitimacy to colonial authorities, culminating in 1915, in the wake of the Sepoy Mutiny in Singapore, in an alliance with the British of Muslims loyal to the king of England.

THE BRITISH MANDATE AND THE UPRISING OF 1920 IN IRAQ

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (73) (1) ◽  
pp. 140-153
Author(s):  
S. S. Shchevelev
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Middle East ◽  
World War I ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
British Mandate ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

The article examines the initial period of the mandate administration of Iraq by Great Britain, the anti-British uprising of 1920. The chronological framework covers the period from May 1916 to October 1921 and includes an analysis of events in the Middle East from May 1916, when the secret agreement on the division of the territories of the Ottoman Empire after the end of World War I (the Sykes-Picot agreement) was concluded before the proclamation of Faisal as king of Iraq and from the formation of the country՚s government. This period is a key one in the Iraqi-British relations at the turn of the 10-20s of the ХХ century. The author focuses on the Anglo-French negotiations during the First World War, on the eve and during the Paris Peace Conference on the division of the territory of the Ottoman Empire and the ownership of the territories in the Arab zone. During these negotiations, it was decided to transfer the mandates for Syria (with Lebanon) to the France, and Palestine and Mesopotamia (Iraq) to Great Britain. The British in Iraq immediately faced strong opposition from both Sunnis and Shiites, resulting in an anti-English uprising in 1920. The author describes the causes, course and consequences of this uprising.

The East’s Eastern Front: The Ottoman–Russian Clash in the Great War and Its Legacies

2019 ◽  
pp. 096834451982733
Author(s):  
Michael A. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Eastern Front ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World

This article provides an overview of the neglected Caucasian front of the First World War and explores its impact on the overall course of the war and its legacy for the Middle East and Eurasia. By unexpectedly prolonging hostilities and leading the Russian empire to overextend itself, the conflict with the Ottoman empire contributed critically to Russia’s revolutionary crisis and collapse and thereby altered decisively the fate of the Middle East and Eurasia. The article places the Ottoman–Russian conflict in the context of the relentless growth of Western European military and economic might from the eighteenth century onward.

scholarly journals The First World War and its Legacy in the Middle East

2016 ◽  
pp. 91-108
Author(s):  
Eugene Rogan
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
First World War ◽  
Past Century ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World

The First World War proved a crucial turning point in the modern history of the Middle East and North Africa. Under conditions of total warfare, conscripts and civilians suffered greater losses and depredations than in any other conflict in the region before or since. The Great War also led to the breakup of the Ottoman Empire after four centuries of rule over the Arab lands, to be replaced by a modern state system actively negotiated between the Entente Powers in the course of the war. While the borders of Middle Eastern states have proven remarkably enduring over the past century, so too have the problems engendered by the wartime partition diplomacy.

الشيخ محمود البرزنجي وجهوده لقيام دولة كوردستان Sheikh Mahmoud Barzanji and his Efforts for the Establishment of the Kurdistan

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-115
Author(s):  
كمال طاهر رشيد (Kemal Rashid) ◽  
محمد روسلان (Mohamed Ruslan) ◽  
فيصل عبد الحميد (Feisal AbdulHamid)
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
British Occupation ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World ◽  
Southern Iraq

الملخصتهدف هذه الدراسة إلى إلقاء الضوء على حقبة مهمة من تاريخ كوردستان، بعد الحرب العالمية الأولى التي عانت خلالها المنطقة من فراغ سياسي وإداري، تم ملؤه بظهور قائد عرف باسم الشيخ محمود البرزنجي. وقد ذاع صيت الشيخ في فترة شهدت العديد من الأحداث السياسية الجسيمة، فضلاً عن المحاولات العديدة لدول الشرق والغرب للهيمنة على كوردستان بعد نهاية الخلافة العثمانية. وقد ترعرع الشيخ محمود البرزنجي في أسرة متدينة عرفت ببراعتها في العلوم الشرعية ونضالها السياسي والعسكري. وقام البريطانيون بمساندة دعوته لتأسيس مملكة كوردية، وكانوا يهدفون من وراء ذلك إضعاف أثر السلطة العثمانية في المنطقة. فيما اصطدم الشيخ محمود البرزنجي فيما بعد مع البريطانيين والروس أيضاً، وفي عام 1918م تم تنصيبه ملكاً لكوردستان. وقد جرت مراسيم الإعلان عن حكومته ثلاث مرات، ثم سقطت مملكة كوردستان في عام 1925م وأصبحت جزءاً من مملكة العراق. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى العديد من النتائج أهمها أنّ الشيخ محمود البرزنجي بقي ثابتاً على مبادئه ولم يتخل عنها مقابل الإغراءات المالية التي قدمها له الأتراك والبريطانيون، كما أثبت الشيخ محمود البرزنجي أنه شخصية ديموقراطية، حيث سعى جاهداً لتمثيل طوائف المجتمع الكوردي ومكوناته كافة في حكومته بما فيهم غير المسلمين. كما سعى الشيخ محمود البرزنجي جاهداً للتعاون مع مسلمي المنطقة، حيث ساعد الأتراك في حربهم ضد الروس، كما ساند العرب في جنوب العراق عسكرياً في حربهم ضد البريطانيين. الكلمات المفتاحية: محمود البرزنجي، كوردستان، نضال الكورد، البرزنجييون، الاحتلال البريطاني. *********************************************************AbstractThis study aims at shedding light on an important era after the First World War in the history of Kurdistan during which the region suffered from political and administrative vacuum and it was filled by the emergence of the leader known as Sheikh Mahmoud Barzanji. He shot to renown in the period that witnessed many serious political events as well as numerous attempts of many of Eastern and Western countries to dominate the Kurdistan after the end of the Ottoman Empire. Sheikh Mahmoud Barzanji grew up in a religious family known for its agility in Islamic SharÊ‘ah sciences and political and military struggle. The British supported his call for the establishment of the Kurdish Kingdom and their aim behind this support was to weaken the Ottoman power in the region. Later on Sheikh Mahmoud Barzanji collided with both the British and Russia, and in year 1918 he was ushered in as the king of Kurdistan. His government announced decrees three times and the Kingdom of Kurdistan fell in 1925 and became part of the Kingdom of Iraq. This study found many important results. The most significant findings show that Sheikh Mahmoud Barzanji remained firm on his principles and refused to abandon them against the financial incentives offered to him by the Turks and the British. Sheikh Mahmoud Barzanji proved to be a democratic person as he struggled for the representation of all sects of the Kurdish community and all of its components in his government, including non-Muslims. He also worked hard to cooperate with the Muslims of the region as he supported the Turks in their war against the Russians and the Arab the southern Iraq against the British.     Keywords: Mahmoud Barzanji, Kurdistan, struggle of the Kurds, Alborznjiyon, British occupation.

scholarly journals Misfits of War: First World War Nurses in the Daughters of Mars by Thomas Keneally

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Branach-Kallas
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
First World War ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
World War ◽  
Female Protagonists ◽  
Rigorous Research ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nursing Sisters ◽  
First World

Abstract The article is an analysis of the representation of Australian nurses in Thomas Keneally 2012 First World War novel, The Daughters of Mars. Inspired by rigorous research, Keneally fictionalizes the lives of two nursing sisters in the Middle East, on a hospital ship in the Dardanelles, as well as in hospitals and casualty clearing stations on the Western Front. His novel thus reclaims an important facet of the medical history of the First World War. The author of the article situates her analysis in the context of historical research on the First World War and the Australian Anzac myth, illuminating the specifically Australian elements in Keneally’s portrait of the Durance sisters. She demonstrates that The Daughters of Mars celebrates the achievements of “Anzac girls”, negotiating a place for them in the culture of commemoration. Yet, at the same time, Keneally attempts to include his female protagonists in the “manly” world of Anzac values, privileging heroism over victimization. Consequently, they become “misfits of war”, eagerly accepting imperial and nationalist ideologies. Thus, in a way characteristic of Australian First World War literature, The Daughters of Mars fuses the tropes of affirmation and desolation.

Living Through Wartime

2021 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-472
Author(s):  
Nicole A. N. M. Van Os
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Social History ◽  
Military History ◽  
First World War ◽  
The Self ◽  
World War ◽  
The Social ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World

Archival sources, but also self-narratives, newspapers, and periodicals, have been im- portant sources for political and military historians of the last two decennia of the Ot- toman Empire in general and the First World War in particular. In recent years, an increasing number of historians have become interested in more than the political and military history of the period. The field has been broadened to include social history. Conventional sources have been reread to get a better understanding of the effects of the War on the social domains and everyday life. Self-narratives have proven to be in- valuable sources for social historians working on the period. These self-narratives were not only produced by the men in charge, but by people from all walks of life: soldiers and civilians, men and women noted down their wartime experiences in their diaries or letters home and in memoirs and autobiographies. In most cases, the self-narratives used by historians were, however, those written by men in which women were objecti- fied. In this paper, the self-narratives of women living in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War are preliminarily explored to give them a voice and turn them into subjects rather than objects.

4. History and power, from below and above

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Robert J. C. Young
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
First World

‘History and power, from below and above’ addresses the continuing interference by former colonial powers in the internal affairs of independent decolonized states. Indeed, countries that achieved sovereignty in their independence struggles still find that they are the object of interventions by the Western countries that had once ruled them. Has the Middle East ever really been free of Western interference since Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798 or the remnants of the Ottoman Empire were divided up between Britain and France at the end of the First World War? An interesting example can be seen in the intermittent bombing of Baghdad and Iraq by Western powers since 1920.

scholarly journals Volunteers from Sanjak in Galicia (1916/1917)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-119
Author(s):  
Redžep Škrijelj ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
World War ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Post War ◽  
First World

Based on unpublished sources from Serbian, Turkish, Austrian and other archives, we illuminate the phenomenon of Muslim volunteers (volunteers). In this study, on the basis of archival material and the telling of contemporaries, we are talking about Bosniak warriors who were taken away to write history, but most of them did not know the geography. Namely, after the occupation of the Sandžak region (November 21, 1915), in the autumn of 1916 - the spring of 1917, the Austro-Hungarian Army, with the help of local ages and begs, carried out a fierce propaganda campaign, after which in the struggle against the Russians, front in Ukraine, took more than 10 thousand volunteers aged between 18 and 50 years. The occupying Austro-Hungarian authorities used the Ottoman Empire to enter the First World War on the side of the Central Powers for propaganda against the forces of Antanta, accusing them of the First World War for the destruction of Muslims, opposing the Bosniak population the illusion of the renewal of the Ottoman authorities in Sandzak. The second phase of mobilization (1917) denies the claim of "volunteers" because most of them are violently intervened. In the nation, these warriors were still known as "dwarfs". Most of them disappeared or transferred to the Middle East fronts. Every tenth captured or survived returned to homeland, which explains the vast post-war depopulation of the male population.

scholarly journals 2. The Emergence of the Middle East into the Modern State System

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-62
Author(s):  
Eugene L. Rogan
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
International System ◽  
First World War ◽  
State System ◽  
World War ◽  
Stable States ◽  
System P ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

This chapter traces the origins and the entry of Middle East states into the international system after the First World War. The modern states of the Arab Middle East emerged from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the post-First World War settlement. The fall of the Ottoman Empire left the Turks and Arabs ready for statehood, although unprepared for dealing with the international system. Indeed, the Palestine crisis brought to light Arab weaknesses in the international arena and in regional affairs that were a legacy of the way in which the colonial powers shaped the emergence of the modern Middle East. Ultimately, the emergence of the state system in the Middle East is a history both of the creation of stable states and of destabilizing conflicts.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document