scholarly journals ACUTE TOXICITY OF WATER SOLUBLE, INSOLUBLE AND WHOLE CRUDE FRACTIONS (BONNY LIGHT) ON THE EARLY LIFE STAGES OF HOPLOBATRACHUS OCCIPITALIS (CROWNED BULL FROG) IN CALABAR, NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-27
Author(s):  
A. D Mowang ◽  
U. J. Naku ◽  
B. C. Ndome ◽  
M. E. Ayim
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Environmental Biology ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Range Finding ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Regulatory Limits

This study examined the effect of different concentrations of bonny light crude oil on the development and growth of the tadpoles of the crowned bullfrogs. After series of range finding tests (RFT) the tadpoles of H. occipitalis were exposed to acute and sub-lethal log concentrations of 0.00 ppm, 1.00 ppm, 1.30 ppm, 1.48 ppm, 1.60 ppm, 1.65 ppm and1.69 ppm of different fractions of bonny light crude for 96 hours. The various fractions of crude recorded no significant differences in mortalities (P > 0.05) for three- and four-weeks old tadpoles. The mortalities increased with increase in concentration of toxicants. The tadpoles recorded 75% mortalities in Water Soluble Fraction (WSF), 65 % mortalities in Water Insoluble Fraction (WIF) and 70 % and 75 % mortalities respectively in Whole Crude (WC). The WSF of crude showed the lowest LC50’s in the tadpoles ranging from 1.51 ± 0.17 ppm with (lower limit 1.45 and upper limit 1.55) to 1.61 ± 0.37 ppm with (lower limit 1.58 and upper limit 1.65). WIF showed the highest LC50’s in the tadpoles ranging from 1.62 ± 0.42 with (lower limit 1.59 and upper limit 1.66) to 1.69 ± 0.41ppm with (lower limit 1.55 and upper limit 1.62). The WC showed an LC50’s range of 1.60 ± 0.37 ppm with (lower limit 1.56 and upper limit 1.64) to 1.63 ± 0.32 ppm with (lower limit 1.59 and upper limit 1.66). Results shows that increased toxicity produced higher mortalities in tadpoles of H. occipitalis (an endangered species). This study therefore advocates that Oil companies should adhere to the current WHO / FEPA regulatory limits of 0.2 mg/l to 14.0 mg/l for C5 – C22 hydrocarbons to ensure the survival of its vital ecological niche.  Mowang, A. D. | Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Nigeria.

scholarly journals Nephrotoxicological Effect of Water Soluble Fraction of Bonny Light Crude Oil in Wistar Albino Rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Abraham, Chiedozie Nicholas ◽  
J. Udom, Godwin ◽  
C. Patrick-Iwuanyanwu, Kingsley
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction ◽  
Light Crude Oil ◽  
Range Finding ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats

This study evaluated the Nephrotoxic effect of water soluble fraction (WSF) of Bonny Light Crude Oil (BLCO). After preparation of the WSF and a range finding test, the Wistar albino rats were administered three concentrations (25%, 50% and 100%) of WSF of BLCO for 30 and 60days. Data from the study showed that Urea concentration increased significantly (p≤0.05) with increasing dose of BLCO ranging from 14.71 mg/dl in the control to 35.28 mg/dl in the 100% group after 30days and 14.28 mg/dl in the control to 41.08mg/dl in the 100% group after 60days, Creatinine concentration increased significantly (p≤0.05) from 0.22 mg/dl in the control to 0.82mg/dl in the 100% group after 60 days administration while electrolyte (Na, K, Cl) concentration increased significantly (p≤0.05) with increasing dose of BLCO after 60days administration. Histopathological examination of the kidney was characterized by partial partitioning of the glomerular tufts, obliteration of the Bowman’s capsule and distortion of the renal tubules. The findings in this research suggest that WSF of BLCO induced nephrotoxicity.

scholarly journals Early life stages of an arctic keystone species (Boreogadus saida) show high sensitivity to a water-soluble fraction of crude oil

2016 ◽  
Vol 218 ◽  
pp. 605-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmine Nahrgang ◽  
Paul Dubourg ◽  
Marianne Frantzen ◽  
Daniela Storch ◽  
Flemming Dahlke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Boreogadus Saida ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction

The chemical composition of British agricultural liming materials

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Chater ◽  
R. J. B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plant Nutrients ◽  
Spectrographic Analysis ◽  
Potential Value

SummaryNinety-four British liming materials were examined. The contents of Ca, Mg, K, P, S, Sr, B, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Mo, Ni, Cd and Na in the acid-soluble fraction, and Mn, Cu, Co, Mo, Ni, Sr, Ti, Cr, Ga, Pb, Sn, V, Y, Zr and Ba in the acid-insoluble fraction were determined by chemical and spectrographic analysis. Water soluble nitrate was also determined.Only manganese, providing on average 3 kg Mn/ha for a 10 t/ha dressing, was found in agriculturally significant quantities in the acid-soluble fraction of the limestones or shell-sands analysed. Magnesium, present only in significant amounts in the dolomitic limestones, provided on average 27 kg Mg/ha from a 10 t/ha dressing.The acid-insoluble fraction of the limestones contained, on average, a twentieth of the concentration of Mn in the acid-soluble fraction. The concentration of K was much larger and depended on the amounts and nature of the insoluble fraction. The acidinsoluble fraction contained no significant amounts of other plant nutrients. The relative concentrations of Mn and K in both fractions emphasize that results based on the total amounts of elements in limestones could overestimate their potential value as sources of plant nutrients.

Studies in the Natural Coating of Apples IV. the Nature of Cutin

1959 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
FE Huelin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Alkaline Hydrolysis ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction

Cutin purified with snail gut extract yielded, on alkaline hydrolysis, ethersoluble acids, a water-soluble fraction containing carbohydrates, and an insoluble fraction containing protein. A number of sugars and amino acids were identified in the acid hydrolysates of the last two fractions.

scholarly journals Medium- to large-sized xylo-oligosaccharides are responsible for xylanase induction in Prevotella bryantii B14

Microbiology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 151 (12) ◽  
pp. 4121-4125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohji Miyazaki ◽  
Tatsuaki Hirase ◽  
Yoichi Kojima ◽  
Harry James Flint
Keyword(s):  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Xylanase Activity ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Glucose Addition ◽  
Induction Signal ◽  
Prevotella Bryantii

Experiments were done to define the nature of the xylan-derived induction signal for xylanase activity, and evaluate which xylanase genes among the three known ones (xynA, xynB and xynC) are induced by the presence of xylan in Prevotella bryantii B14. During the later stages of exponential growth on glucose, addition of 0·05 % water-soluble xylan (WS-X) stimulated xylanase formation within 30 min. Xylose, xylobiose, xylotriose, xylotetraose, xylopentaose, arabinose and glucuronic acid all failed to induce the xylanase activity. An acid-ethanol-soluble fraction of WS-X (approximate degree of polymerization 30) enhanced the activity significantly, whereas the acid-ethanol-insoluble fraction had no effect, unless first digested by the cloned P. bryantii XynC xylanase. These results indicate that medium- to large-sized xylo-oligosaccharides are responsible for induction. The transcription of all three known xylanase genes from P. bryantii was upregulated coordinately by addition of WS-X. There have been relatively few investigations into the regulation of xylanase activity in bacteria, and it appears to be unique that medium- to large-sized xylo-oligosaccharides are responsible for induction.

scholarly journals Hematotoxic Effect of Water Soluble Fraction of Bonny Light Crude Oil in Wistar Albino Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Abraham, Chiedozie Nicholas ◽  
Godwin J. Udom ◽  
Kingsley C. Patrick-Iwuanyanwu
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction ◽  
Light Crude Oil ◽  
Range Finding ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats

This study evaluated the Hematotoxic effect of water soluble fraction (WSF) of Bonny Light Crude Oil (BLCO) in Wistar Albino rats. After preparation of the WSF and a range finding test, the Wistar albino rats were administered three concentrations (25%, 50% and 100%) of WSF of BLCO for 30 and 60days. Data from the study showed that there was a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in PCV values (30.2% in the control group to 17.2% in the 100% group), Hb levels decreased significantly from 9.25 g/dl in the control group to 5.27 g/dl in the 100% group. WBC count decreased significantly from 2932 mm3 in the control group to 136 mm3 in the 100% group and finally RBC count decreased significantly from 241.8E4 mm3 to 567 mm3 with increasing concentrations in the treatment groups after 60days administration. These results suggest that the oral consumption of the WSF of BLCO led to an onset of anaemia which indicates the presence of less than normal concentrations of PCV, Hb and RBC.

scholarly journals Nanocellulose from citrus processing waste using water and electricity only

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samar Al Jitan ◽  
Antonino Scurria ◽  
Lorenzo Albanese ◽  
Mario Pagliaro ◽  
Francesco Meneguzzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hydrodynamic Cavitation ◽  
Processing Waste ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Composite Production ◽  
Harsh Conditions

Abstract Along with a water-soluble fraction rich in pectin, the hydrodynamic cavitation of citrus processing waste carried out in water directly on a semi-industrial scale affords an insoluble fraction consisting of a new nanocellulose of high quality. Lemon and grapefruit nanocellulose powders isolated upon filtration and mild drying consist, respectively, of 100-500 nm wide cellulose nanorods, and of 500-1,000 nm wide ramified microfibrils extending for several μm. The process is general and can be applied to any citrus processing biowaste. These findings establish a long-sought technically viable route to a material whose numerous potential applications in fields ranging from biomedicine to composite production have been limited by the harsh conditions required for the extraction of nanocellulose via acid or enzymatic hydrolysis following pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass with acid-chlorite or alkali.

scholarly journals Acute Toxicity of Water Soluble Fraction of Crude Oil to the Early Life Stages of the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
Joshua Idowu Izegaegbe ◽  
Femi Francis Oloye ◽  
Efere Martins Obuotor ◽  
Victor Funso Olaleye ◽  
Stephen Adeyeni
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction

scholarly journals Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

Blood ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 444-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM H. CROSBY
Keyword(s):  
Hemolytic Activity ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Heat Labile

Abstract This report demonstrates the role and to some extent the interrelations of various factors that are active in the PNH hemolytic system. 1. Activity of four plasma factors, probably protein in nature, has been demonstrated. Two of these factors are hemolytic against PNH red cells, but not against normal red cells. The other two inhibit PNH hemolysis. (a). The heat labile hemolytic factor is water soluble and is therefore present in the soluble fraction of serum that has been dialyzed against distilled water. It is almost completely destroyed by heating at 53 C. for 10 minutes. It is slowly inactivated by incubation at 37 C. with 100 units per ml. of thrombin. It is rapidly destroyed by concentrations of thrombin in excess of 200 units per ml. It is inactive unless the heat stable hemolytic factor is also present. (b). The heat stable hemolytic factor is insoluble in water and is therefore precipitated from serum by dialysis against distilled water. It is quite resistant to 100 units per ml. of thrombin and to incubation at 53 C. It is inactive unless the heat labile hemolytic factor is also present. (c). The heat labile inhibitor is insoluble in water and is therefore found in the insoluble fraction of serum dialyzed against distilled water. It is inactivated by heating at 53 C. for 10 minutes but not by incubation with 100 units per ml. of thrombin. (d). The heat stable inhibitor is found in the water-soluble fraction of dialyzed serum. It withstands dialysis poorly, but it is not affected by 30 minutes incubation at 53 C. Incubation at 37 C. with 100 units per ml. of thrombin for 10 minutes destroys its inhibitory activity. Apparently the inhibitors are not interdependent. 2. Calcium in small amounts is probably essential to the PNH hemolytic system. The concentration of calcium that is optimum for hemolysis lies in the neighborhood of 2.5 mM. The optimum is a little less than the amount normally present in the plasma. Calcium in excess inhibits hemolysis in vitro, and no hemolysis occurs when the concentration exceeds 25 mM. per liter. 3. Magnesium is also essential to the PNH hemolytic system. As magnesium is added to the system in vitro hemolytic activity increases until the concentration exceeds 10 mM. per liter. Amounts greater than that have some dampening effect. Magnesium appears to antagonize the heat stable inhibitor of the PNH hemolytic system. 4. Thrombin is involved in this system insofar as the heat stable inhibitor and the heat labile hemolytic factor may be destroyed by thrombic activity. The inhibitor is rapidly destroyed, the hemolytic factor slowly. Therefore, the sum of the reaction to small amounts of thrombin in the PNH hemolytic system is to increase hemolytic activity. 5. Dilute heparin and protamine increase the activity of the PNH hemolytic system in vitro, probably by blocking the two inhibitors. Heparin appears to work against the heat stable inhibitor, protamine against the heat labile inhibitor. 6. The intensity of PNH hemolytic activity whether in vitro or in vivo is probably related to a balance that exists between the inhibitors and the hemolytic factors. Hemolytic crises may occur when the hemolytic factors are increased or when their antagonists are depressed.

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