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Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Kampanat Phesatcha ◽  
Burarat Phesatcha ◽  
Metha Wanapat ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong

The objective of the research was to evaluate the different levels of Mitragyna speciosa Korth leaves powder (MSLP) added to rations with 60:40 or 40:60 roughage to a concentrate (R:C ratio) on in vitro nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, microbial population, and methane (CH4) production. The treatments were arranged according to a 2 × 8 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. The two factors contain the R:C ratio (60:40 and 40:60) and the levels of MSLP addition (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7% of the total substrate). There was no interaction between the R:C ratio and MSLP supplementation on gas production kinetics, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and microbial populations. The gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (c) was increased by the R:C ratio at (40:60), whilst there was no difference obtained among treatments for cumulative gas production, whilst the gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (c) was increased by the R:C ratio at 40:60. The concentration of NH3-N was influenced by the R:C ratio and MSLP addition both at 4 and 8 h after incubation. In vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and organic matter degradability (IVOMD) were significantly improved by the R:C ratio and supplementation of MSLP at 12 h. Increasing the R:C ratio and MSLP concentrations increased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and propionic acid (C3) concentrations while decreasing acetic acid (C2) and butyric acid (C4) concentrations; thus, the C2:C3 ratio was reduced. MSLP addition reduced protozoa and methanogen populations (p < 0.05). The calculated CH4 production was decreased (p < 0.05) by the R:C ratios at 40:60 and supplementation of MSLP. Finally, the addition of MSLP as a phytonutrient may improve nutrient degradability and rumen fermentation properties while decreasing protozoa, methanogen population, and CH4 production.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Manel Masmoudi

Dietary fibers constitute an important element of a healthy diet. This study is a contribution to valorize Tunisian lemon (Citrus limon L.) by-products (LB) by preparation of a lemon fiber concentrate (LFC). The suitability of this by-product as a source of dietary fiber for food enrichment was investigated. Lemon fiber concentrate was prepared by LB washing in water at 90 °C for 5 min and then characterized by studying its physico-chemical, functional and antioxidant properties, in comparison with the original LB. The extraction method led to a total dietary fiber yield of 54.42 g/100g. LFC had higher content in total fibers than LB (71.20 versus 63.87 g/100g dry matter (DM), respectively), with predominance of the insoluble fraction (53.58 g/100g DM). LFC had also better functional properties, with higher water holding capacity (13.92 versus 8.51 g/g, respectively), swelling capacity (14 versus 8.75 ml/g, respectively) and oil retention property (6.6 versus 4.43 g/g, respectively). LFC had high content in bioactive compounds, particularly for phenolics (561.09 mg GAE/100 g DM) and flavonoids (408.42 mg QE/ 100 g DM), which gave it good antioxidant properties (antiradical activity: 45.57 % and reducing power: 0.18). The results of this study suggested that LFC may have potential applications for food enrichment.


Molekul ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Sri Handayani ◽  
Indyah Sulistyo Arty ◽  
Cornelia Budimarwanti ◽  
Karim Theresih ◽  
Evy Yulianti ◽  
...  

Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) peel has been known as antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal, but not yet used as cosmetic ingredients or drugs optimally. This research focuses on the production of organic soap bars from melinjo peel extract, the quality testing, and antimicrobial analysis against selected microbes. The soap making process was done by the saponification reaction between the mixture of palm oil and coconut oil with sodium hydroxide through cold and hot processes. Distilled water and ethanol were used as solvents for melinjo peel extraction. The quality test was done by determining insoluble fraction in ethanol, free alkali, and unsaponified fatty matter. An antimicrobial activity test was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method. The result shows that the quality test fit with INS 2016 for all the criteria except for unsaponified fatty acid in the cold process soap bar. Inhibition zone of organic soap bar sequentially decreased against the growth of Tricophytone mentagrophytes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Therefore, the organic soap bar with melinjo peel extract shows a good potential to be used as an antimicrobial soap.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1070
Author(s):  
Bobana Samardžija ◽  
Aristea Pavešić Pavešić Radonja ◽  
Beti Zaharija ◽  
Mihaela Bergman ◽  
Éva Renner ◽  
...  

An emerging phenomenon in our understanding of the pathophysiology of mental illness is the idea that specific proteins may form insoluble aggregates in the brains of patients, in partial analogy to similar proteinopathies in neurodegenerative diseases. Several proteins have now been detected as forming such aggregates in the brains of patients, including DISC1, dysbindin-1 and TRIOBP-1. Recently, neuronal PAS domain protein 3 (NPAS3), a known genetic risk factor for schizophrenia, was implicated through a V304I point mutation in a family with major mental illness. Investigation of the mutation revealed that it may lead to aggregation of NPAS3. Here we investigated NPAS3 aggregation in insular cortex samples from 40 individuals, by purifying the insoluble fraction of these samples and testing them by Western blotting. Strikingly, full-length NPAS3 was found in the insoluble fraction of 70% of these samples, implying that aggregation is far more widely spread than can be accounted for by this rare mutation. We investigated the possible mechanism of aggregation further in neuroblastoma cells, finding that oxidative stress plays a larger role than the V304I mutation. Finally, we tested to see if NPAS3 aggregation could also be seen in blood serum, as a more accessible tissue than the human brain for future diagnosis. While no indication of NPAS3 aggregation was seen in the serum, soluble NPAS3 was detected, and was more prevalent in patients with schizophrenia than in those with major depressive disorder or controls. Aggregation of NPAS3 therefore appears to be a widespread and multifactorial phenomenon. Further research is now needed to determine whether it is specifically enhanced in schizophrenia or other mental illnesses.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Joshua L.D. Parris ◽  
Thibaut Barnoud ◽  
Julia I.-Ju Leu ◽  
Jessica C. Leung ◽  
Weili Ma ◽  
...  

NRAS-mutant melanoma is currently a challenge to treat. This is due to an absence of inhibitors directed against mutant NRAS, along with adaptive and acquired resistance of this tumor type to inhibitors in the MAPK pathway. Inhibitors to MEK have shown some promise for NRAS-mutant melanoma. In this work, we explored the use of MEK inhibitors for NRAS-mutant melanoma. At the same time, we investigated the impact of the brain microenvironment, specifically astrocytes, on the response of a melanoma brain metastatic cell line to MEK inhibition. These parallel avenues led to the surprising finding that astrocytes enhance the sensitivity of melanoma tumors to MEK inhibitors (MEKi). We show that MEKi cause an upregulation of the transcriptional regulator ID3, which confers resistance. This upregulation of ID3 is blocked by conditioned media from astrocytes. We show that silencing ID3 enhances the sensitivity of melanoma to MEKi, thus mimicking the effect of the brain microenvironment. Moreover, we report that ID3 is a client protein of the chaperone HSP70, and that HSP70 inhibition causes ID3 to misfold and accumulate in a detergent-insoluble fraction in cells. We show that HSP70 inhibitors synergize with MEKi against NRAS-mutant melanoma, and that this combination significantly enhances the survival of mice in two different models of NRAS-mutant melanoma. These studies highlight ID3 as a mediator of adaptive resistance, and support the combined use of MEK and HSP70 inhibitors for the therapy of NRAS-mutant melanoma. Significance: MEKi are currently used for NRAS-mutant melanoma, but have shown modest efficacy as single agents. This research shows a synergistic effect of combining HSP70 inhibitors with MEKi for the treatment of NRAS mutant melanoma.


Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2311
Author(s):  
Stefano Renzetti ◽  
Mira Theunissen ◽  
Karlijn Horrevorts

This study aimed at elucidating the contribution of chemical interactions, water binding, and steric hindrance on the effect of wheat and oat brans and of their fractions, i.e., soluble and insoluble, on dough and bread properties. For such purpose, an inert filler, i.e., glass beads of comparable particle size and with no water binding capacity and moisture sorption properties, was also studied. The glass beads provided breads most similar to the control, indicating the limited role of steric hindrance. Brans and bran fractions showed distinct compositional and physical properties. The soluble fraction from oat bran, rich in β-glucan, was less hygroscopic than the wheat counterpart and could bind more water, resulting in larger detrimental effects on bread quality. The β-glucan content showed a prevalent role in affecting gluten development, the thermo-setting behaviour of the dough, and crumb texture, i.e., cohesiveness and resilience. Overall, the comparison between the two brans and their fractions indicated that the interplay between water binding, mainly provided by the insoluble fraction, and the plasticizing properties of the soluble bran fraction controlled the effects on bread volume and texture. From a compositional standpoint, β-glucan content was a determining factor that discriminated the effects of wheat and oat brans.


2021 ◽  
pp. 394-398
Author(s):  
Khusnul Fadhilah ◽  
Subagus Wahyuono ◽  
Puji Astuti

Lansium domesticum (fam. Meliaceae) contains various compounds with various biological activities. Based on the previous research, extracts from several parts of the plant have biological activity. This study aimed to isolate a compound from the fruitpeel of L. domesticum and evaluate cytotoxic activity against T47D, WiDr and HepG2 cell lines. Powdered peels were macerated with ethyl acetate and the filtrate was evaporated to give EtOAc extract. Dried extract was triturated with n-hexane to give n-hexane soluble fraction (A) and insoluble fraction (B). The fraction B was separated using vacuum column chromatography (VLC) with mobile phase n-hexane: ethyl acetate and given 5 fractions. Fractions B3-B5 were combined and separated using VLC with n-hexane and ethyl acetate as mobile phase. This VLC separation gave 18 subractions, subfractions 6-9 with the similar TLC profile were combined. This subfraction was separated further using preparative thin layer chromatography to give compound 1. The Isolated compound (1) appeared as liquid. The chemical structure of 1 was identified acoording to spectroscopic data and comparison with literature. Cytotoxic bioassay was performed on T-47D, WiDr and Hep G2 cell lines in a series of concentrations at 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 and 5µg/mL, with Doxorubicine used as positive control. According to spectroscopic data, compound 1 was identified as 2-ethyl,3-(1’-hydroxy-2’-menthene) propenal, and demonstrate the strongest cytotoxicity against T-47D cell lines (IC50=39.18+1.54 µg/mL).


Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Chanadol Supapong ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong

The use of cyanide-containing feed (HCN) is restricted because it causes prussic acid poisoning in animals. The objective of this study was to see how adding rhodanese enzyme to an HCN-containing diet affected gas dynamics, in vitro ruminal fermentation, HCN concentration reduction, and nutrient digestibility. A 3×4 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design was used for the experiment. Factor A was the three levels of potassium cyanide (KCN) at 300, 450, and 600 ppm. Factor B was the four doses of rhodanese enzyme at 0, 0.65, 1, and 1.35 mg/104 ppm KCN, respectively. At 96 h of incubation, gas production from an insoluble fraction (b), potential extent (omit gas) (a + b), and cumulative gas were similar between KCN additions of 300 to 450 ppm (p > 0.05), whereas increasing KCN to 600 ppm significantly decreased those kinetics of gas (p < 0.05). Supplementation of rhodanese enzymes at 1.0 to 1.35 mg/104 ppm KCN enhanced cumulative gas when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Increasing the dose of rhodanese up to 1.0 mg/104 ppm KCN significantly increased the rate of ruminal HCN degradation efficiency (DE) by 70% (p < 0.05). However, no further between the two factors was detected on ruminal fermentation and in vitro digestibility (p > 0.05). The concentration of ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) increased with increasing doses of KCN (p < 0.05), but remained unchanged with varying levels of rhodanese enzymes (p > 0.05). The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was suppressed when increasing doses of KCH were administered at 600 ppm, whereas supplementation of rhodanese enzymes at 1.0–1.35 mg/104 ppm KCN enhanced IVDMD (p < 0.05). Increasing doses of KCN affected reduced total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) concentration, which was lowest when 600 ppm was added (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, the concentration of TVFAs increased when rhodanese enzymes were included by 1.0–1.35 mg/104 ppm KCN (p < 0.05). Based on this study, it could be concluded that supplementation of rhodaneses enzyme at 1.0–1.35 mg/104 ppm KCN could enhance cumulative gas, digestibility, and TVAF, as well as lowering ruminal HCN concentration.


Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi My Trinh ◽  
Tran Linh Thuoc ◽  
Dang Thi Phuong Thao

Background: The recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor con-jugated with polyethylene glycol (PEGylated GCSF) has currently been used as an efficient drug for the treatment of neutropenia caused by chemotherapy due to its long circulating half-life. Previous studies showed that Granulocyte Colony Stimula-ting Factor (GCSF) could be expressed as non-classical Inclusion Bodies (ncIBs), which contained likely correctly folded GCSF inside at low temperature. Therefore, in this study, a simple process was developed to produce PEGylated GCSF from ncIBs. Methods: BL21 (DE3)/pET-GCSF cells were cultured in the LiFlus GX 1.5 L bioreactor and the expression of GCSF was induced by adding 0.5 mM IPTG. After 24 hr of fermentation, cells were collected, resuspended, and disrupted. The insoluble fraction was obtained from cell lysates and dissolved in 0.1% N-lauroylsarcosine solution. The presence and structure of dissolved GCSF were verified using SDS-PAGE, Native-PAGE, and RP-HPLC analyses. The dissolved GCSF was directly used for the con-jugation with 5 kDa PEG. The PEGylated GCSF was purified using two purification steps, including anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. Results: PEGylated GCSF was obtained with high purity (~97%) and was finally demonstrated as a form containing one GCSF molecule and one 5 kDa PEG molecule (monoPEG-GCSF). Conclusion: These results clearly indicate that the process developed in this study might be a potential and practical approach to produce PEGylated GCSF from ncIBs expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli).


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