scholarly journals Determination of Silicon and Chromium in Gold Matrix Using Proton Induced X-Ray Emission

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Daniel D. ◽  
Bello A.
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Geological Samples ◽  
Energy Research ◽  
Single Spectrum ◽  
Mining Site ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Pixe Method

The research aimed at the determination of elemental concentrations of silicon and chromium in five geological samples at the mining site of Garin Awwal area using the method of PIXE for analyses. The choice PIXE method in this research was due to its high sensitivity and multi-element capability that analyzes any element from sodium to uranium in a single spectrum. PIXE technique of 2.5MeV proton beam was used to characterize five samples. Samples were irradiated and analyzed at Centre for Energy Research and Development, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. From the Spectra and results generated, silicon and chromium are of commercial deposit in the area, alongside other elements such as Iron(Fe), Magnesium(Mg) and Aluminium(Al) which appear to be deposited in commercial quantities in the area.

scholarly journals Determination of Lead and Other Elements in Gold Matrix Using Proton Induced X-Ray Emission At Maga, Danko Wasagu, Kebbi, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
Daniel D. ◽  
Bello A. ◽  
Abdurrahman A. ◽  
Jonathan I.K.
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Geological Samples ◽  
Energy Research ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Stomach Pain ◽  
High Lead

Lead poisoning is becoming an epidemic in and around Kebbi State lately. Five samples were collected from mining Sites believed to have high lead concentration. Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique of 2.5MeV proton beam was used to characterize five geological samples collected from Maga, Danko Wasagu LG, Kebbi State, Nigeria to determined concentration of Lead (Pb) and other trace elements. Samples were irradiated and analyzed at Centre for Energy Research and Development, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. The result obtained indicated that Pb is of commercial deposit in all the samples. Alongside, Si, S, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ba, P, V, Mn, Cl, Ce and Ni were determined. The result obtained for Pb concentration in samples A, B, C, D and E were 943ppm, 445ppm, 3279ppm, 212𝟶ppmand 529ppm respectively, which is above the world health recommendation of 400ppm for areas with children.Also element Si and Fe concentrations appear to be deposited in commercial quantities. These values imply that the miners and surrounding communities of Maga, Danko Wasagu LG, Kebbi State, Nigeria are at risk of learning disabilities, attention deficit disorders, behavioural problems, stunted growth, hearing problems, anaemia, kidney damage, stomach pain, mental retardation, coma, and death due to the high concentration of Pb.

Quantitative Modal Determination of Geological Samples Based on X-ray Multielemental Map Acquisition

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Cossio ◽  
Alessandro Borghi ◽  
Raffaella Ruffini
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Number ◽  
Scanning System ◽  
Geological Samples ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Mineral Phases ◽  
Final Output ◽  
Software Program

Multielemental X-ray maps collected by a remote scanning system of the electron beam are processed by a dedicated software program performing accurate modal determination of geological samples. The classification of different mineral phases is based on elemental concentrations. The software program Petromod loads the maps into a database and computes a matrix consisting of numerical values proportional to the elemental concentrations. After an initial calibration, the program can perform the chemical composition calculated on the basis of a fixed number of oxygens for a selected area. In this way, it is possible to identify all the mineral phases occurring in the sample. Up to three elements can be selected to calculate the modal percentage of the identified mineral. An automated routine scans the whole set of maps and assigns each pixel that satisfies the imposed requirements to the selected phase. Repeating this procedure for every mineral phase occurring in the mapped area, a modal distribution of the rock-forming minerals can be performed. The final output consists of a digitized image, which can be further analyzed by common image analysis software, and a table containing the calculated modal percentages. The method is here applied to a volcanic and a metamorphic rock sample.

Computer reconstructed X-ray imaging

1979 ◽  
Vol 292 (1390) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Atomic Number ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
Transmission Measurements

Computed tomography is a method for obtaining a series of radiographic pictures of contiguous slices through a solid object such as the human body. Each picture is computed from a set of X-ray transmission measurements and represents the distribution of X-ray attenuation in the slice. The high sensitivity of the method to changes in both density and atomic number has resulted in the development of new diagnostic methods in medicine. The limitations of the method are discussed in terms of two particular kinds of application. First, those applications in which a very precise determination of density or atomic number is required, but at low spatial resolution; an example would be the determination of the uniformity of mixture of plastics or metals. The second kind of application is that requiring high spatial resolution as in the detection of cracks and the visualization of internal structures in complicated objects.

PIXE ANALYSIS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN CLAM SHELLS MARKED WITH IRON RUSTING

1996 ◽  
Vol 06 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 517-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
YOSHINORI KOSHIKAWA ◽  
NOBUAKI ARAI ◽  
WATARU SAKAMOTO ◽  
KOJI YOSHIDA
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Intensity Ratio ◽  
Ruditapes Philippinarum ◽  
Pixe Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Element Concentrations ◽  
Pixe Method

Trace element concentrations in short necked clam Ruditapes philippinarum marked shells with iron rusting were determined by particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method. Element such as Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Sr, and Br were detected in the shells. The Fe/Ca X-ray intensity ratio decreased exponentially on the day after marking. It was concluded that the higher Fe concentration on marked clams was caused by attached iron rusting. The concentrations of Fe, Br, and Sr differed among the 3 stations (Kamaya, Shigaki, and Iwatani), suggesting that elemental concentrations may be related to the growth of clams.

scholarly journals Quantitative analysis by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence by the transmission method applied to geological samples

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Simabuco ◽  
V.F. Nascimento Filho
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Number ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Geological Samples ◽  
Transmission Method ◽  
Absorption Effect ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fundamental Parameters ◽  
Absorption Correction

Three certified samples of different matrices (Soil-5, SL-1/IAEA and SARM-4/SABS) were quantitatively analysed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence with radioisotopic excitation. The observed errors were about 10-20% for the majority of the elements and less than 10% for Fe and Zn in the Soil-5, Mn in SL-1, and Ti, Fe and Zn in SARM-4 samples. Annular radioactive sources of Fe-55 and Cd-109 were utilized for the excitation of elements while a Si(Li) semiconductor detector coupled to a multichannel emulation card inserted in a microcomputer was used for the detection of the characteristic X-rays. The fundamental parameters method was used for the determination of elemental sensitivities and the irradiator or transmission method for the correction of the absorption effect of characteristic X-rays of elements on the range of atomic number 22 to 42 (Ti to Mo) and excitation with Cd-109. For elements in the range of atomic number 13 to 23 (Al to V) the irradiator method cannot be applied since samples are not transparent for the incident and emergent X-rays. In order to perform the absorption correction for this range of atomic number excited with Fe-55 source, another method was developed based on the experimental value of the absorption coefficients, associated with absorption edges of the elements.

Theoretical Calculation of Background in X-Ray Spectrometry for the Determination of Some Heavy Trace Elements

1991 ◽  
Vol 35 (B) ◽  
pp. 755-756
Author(s):  
Jean-Jacques Gruffat
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Theoretical Calculation ◽  
Spectral Distribution ◽  
Geological Samples ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Correct Calculation ◽  
The Continuum

AbstractThe Kulenkampff-Kramers formula giving the spectral distribution of the continuum as a function of wavelength allows a correct calculation of background under the peak. It is only necessary to measure two backgrounds, one on each side of the peak, The true background under the peak is given by multiplying them by adequate coefficients and adding them up. This method has been applied to the determination of low amounts of Ce, La, Ba and Cs in geological samples.

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