scholarly journals 廣東省大埔縣高陂鎮與湖寮鎮客家話小稱詞調查研究

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (36) ◽  
pp. 137-164
Author(s):  
鄭明中 鄭明中
Keyword(s):  
Word List ◽  
Transitional Stage ◽  
Lexical Tones ◽  
Chinese Dialects ◽  
Free Variation ◽  
Vowel Height

<p>本研究調查廣東省大埔縣湖寮鎮與高陂鎮客家話小稱詞（綴/調），採用依調類分類的152個客家話常用單音節詞根語素做為調查字表，每個鎮選取兩位發音人調查，調查結果總結如下：（一）湖寮與高陂客家話小稱詞均以詞根語素後接小稱詞綴的方式呈現，小稱詞綴為[(t)ə31]。當小稱詞綴前的詞根語素為[-m, -n, -ŋ, -p, -t, -k]等輔音結尾時，小稱詞綴為[mə31, nə31, ŋə31, pə31, tə31, kə31]。當詞根語素以[a]結尾時，高陂鎮與湖寮鎮小稱詞綴使用[lə31]，高陂鎮烏槎村則使用[ə31]。（二）高陂客家話有[35]及[55]兩個出現於詞根語素的連讀變調（均非本調），前者出現於陰平調字，後者則出現於去聲調字。湖寮客家話只有一個出現於陰平調字詞根語素的連讀變調[55]（亦非本調）。湖寮與高陂客家話上聲調字與入聲調字均透過後接小稱詞綴來形成小稱詞，詞根語素無連讀變調產生。（三）湖寮客家話陰入調詞根語素後接小稱詞綴時有[tə31]或[tə55]兩種形式，這種自由變異顯示出小稱詞綴形態演變的過渡階段。（四）就整個音系而言，高陂客家話讀為[am, ap]韻者，湖寮客家話則讀為[aŋ, ak]韻，且只出現於韻核為[a]時，這種變化與發音簡化、元音舌位高度、鼻音發音位置前後，以及漢語方言韻尾演變有關。（五）大埔縣小稱詞綴的形態演變過程為[tə55] &rarr; [(t)ə55/31] &rarr; [(t)ə31]。最後，本研究將高陂與湖寮客家話小稱詞的調查結果與東勢客家話小稱詞的相關研究相互連結，企圖為東勢客家話小稱調的來源提供更合理的解釋。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>This study targeted to investigate the diminutives of Hakka dialects spoken in Gaopi and Huliao townships in Dapu County, Guangdong. The word list used for the fieldwork survey included 152 common monosyllabic stems. Two speech informants in each township joined the study. They were asked to read the lexical tones, the sandhi tones, and the diminutives in their own dialects. The results are summarized as follows. First, diminutives are formed in the two townships by stems plus diminutive suffixes [(t)ə31]. When stems end with [-m, -n, -ŋ, -p, -t, -k], diminutive suffixes will surface as [mə31, nə31, ŋə31, pə31, tə31, kə31]. When stems end with [a], the diminutive suffix emerges as [lə31]. Second, two sandhi tones [35/55] occur in Gaopi Hakka, but only one sandhi tone [55] occurs in Huliao Hakka. Both [35] and [55] are not lexical tones in these two Hakka dialects. Third, two diminutive suffixes are used to form diminutives for Yinru stems in Huliao Hakka, and such free variation shows a transitional stage between diminutive suffixes. Fourth, [am, ap] rimes in Gaopi are systematically changed to [aŋ, ak] rimes in Huliao. This change may result from ease of articulation, vowel height, place of nasals, and coda development in Chinese dialects. Fifth, diminutive suffixes in Dapu Hakka undergoes a series of changing stages, that is, [tə55]&rarr;[(t)ə55/31]&rarr;[(t)ə31]. Finally, this study links the results to the diminutives in Dongshi Hakka, and attempts to offer reasonable explanations for the origin of the diminutive tones in Dongshi Hakka.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Glotto chronologic theory: Valid or not in Chinese languages?

1978 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
Stanley R. Munro
Keyword(s):  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Word List ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Chinese Dialects ◽  
Basic Vocabulary ◽  
Special Case

While reading the literature on glottochronology, I felt that there might be a special case which Swadesh, Lees, et al. had not accounted for: one which would not follow the same rate of divergence for basic vocabulary as they had generally predicted. This is the case in which languages diverge from a common proto language, but which nevertheless retain a common writing system—particularly a writing system which has no direct relationship to the phonemic system of the language. It could be hypothesized that due to the cohesive bond that might occur in languages with such a common writing system, the languages ought to diverge at a much slower rate than 80.5% retention per 1000 years as in the case of Lees’ findings (Lees 1953: 118-9), or 86% retention per 1000 years as in the case of Swadesh’s revised 100 word list (Swadesh 1955: 133-7). Subconsciously, my feelings about the Chinese “dialects” influenced me, particularly since I had already pre-judged the case and had assumed that the dialects diverged at a rate slower than Lees and Swadesh had predicted.

Stuck in the forest

Diachronica ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahé Ben Hamed ◽  
Feng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Word List ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Parsimony Method ◽  
Resampling Methods ◽  
Maximum Parsimony Method ◽  
Reconstruction Methods ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
Chinese Dialects ◽  
Sinitic Languages

This paper discusses the validity of the tree model of evolution for the particular case of Sinitic languages (or Chinese dialects). Our approach is lexically based, using standardized word lists. First, these lists were tested for their congruence, as they are supposed to have evolved at different rates. Then, we undertook a phylogenetic analysis, using both a distance-based lexicostatistical method and a character-based maximum parsimony method. The traditional classification of Chinese dialects is recovered to various extents depending on the method and on the word list used, but the character-based analysis of the 200 Swadesh word list outperforms all other analyses. Finally, the validity of the branching patterns obtained was tested using a variety of techniques. Although the data fits the inferred trees well, the topology of these trees is collapsed to a star-like pattern when investigated through resampling methods. The application of a network method confirms that the development of these Sinitic languages is not tree-like, highlighting the fact that in cases like this tree-reconstruction methods can be misleading.

On the Relationship Between General Auditory Sensitivity and Speech Perception: An Examination of Pitch and Lexical Tone Perception in 4- to 6-Year-Old Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-498
Author(s):  
Puisan Wong ◽  
Man Wai Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Auditory Sensitivity ◽  
Pitch Discrimination ◽  
Lexical Tone ◽  
Perceptual Training ◽  
Lexical Tones ◽  
Tone Perception ◽  
Tone Discrimination

Purpose Theoretical models and substantial research have proposed that general auditory sensitivity is a developmental foundation for speech perception and language acquisition. Nonetheless, controversies exist about the effectiveness of general auditory training in improving speech and language skills. This research investigated the relationships among general auditory sensitivity, phonemic speech perception, and word-level speech perception via the examination of pitch and lexical tone perception in children. Method Forty-eight typically developing 4- to 6-year-old Cantonese-speaking children were tested on the discrimination of the pitch patterns of lexical tones in synthetic stimuli, discrimination of naturally produced lexical tones, and identification of lexical tone in familiar words. Results The findings revealed that accurate lexical tone discrimination and identification did not necessarily entail the accurate discrimination of nonlinguistic stimuli that followed the pitch levels and pitch shapes of lexical tones. Although pitch discrimination and tone discrimination abilities were strongly correlated, accuracy in pitch discrimination was lower than that in tone discrimination, and nonspeech pitch discrimination ability did not precede linguistic tone discrimination in the developmental trajectory. Conclusions Contradicting the theoretical models, the findings of this study suggest that general auditory sensitivity and speech perception may not be causally or hierarchically related. The finding that accuracy in pitch discrimination is lower than that in tone discrimination suggests that comparable nonlinguistic auditory perceptual ability may not be necessary for accurate speech perception and language learning. The results cast doubt on the use of nonlinguistic auditory perceptual training to improve children's speech, language, and literacy abilities.

Impact of Comorbid Depression on Serial Position Effects in Alzheimer’s Disease

GeroPsych ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nienke A. Hofrichter ◽  
Sandra Dick ◽  
Thomas G. Riemer ◽  
Carsten Schleussner ◽  
Monique Goerke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Serial Position ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Word List ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Serial Position Effects ◽  
List Memory

Hippocampal dysfunction and deficits in episodic memory have been reported for both Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Primacy performance has been associated with hippocampus-dependent episodic memory, while recency may reflect working memory performance. In this study, serial position profiles were examined in a total of 73 patients with MDD, AD, both AD and MDD, and healthy controls (HC) by means of CERAD-NP word list memory. Primacy performance was most impaired in AD with comorbid MDD, followed by AD, MDD, and HC. Recency performance, on the other hand, was comparable across groups. These findings indicate that primacy in AD is impaired in the presence of comorbid MDD, suggesting additive performance decrements in this specific episodic memory function.

Limitations to the Spacing Effect

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter P. J. L. Verkoeijen ◽  
Remy M. J. P. Rikers ◽  
Henk G. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Phase Retrieval ◽  
Incidental Learning ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Spacing Effect ◽  
Word List ◽  
Intentional Learning ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Learning Condition

Abstract. The spacing effect refers to the finding that memory for repeated items improves when the interrepetition interval increases. To explain the spacing effect in free-recall tasks, a two-factor model has been put forward that combines mechanisms of contextual variability and study-phase retrieval (e.g., Raaijmakers, 2003 ; Verkoeijen, Rikers, & Schmidt, 2004 ). An important, yet untested, implication of this model is that free recall of repetitions should follow an inverted u-shaped relationship with interrepetition spacing. To demonstrate the suggested relationship an experiment was conducted. Participants studied a word list, consisting of items repeated at different interrepetition intervals, either under incidental or under intentional learning instructions. Subsequently, participants received a free-recall test. The results revealed an inverted u-shaped relationship between free recall and interrepetition spacing in both the incidental-learning condition and the intentional-learning condition. Moreover, for intentionally learned repetitions, the maximum free-recall performance was located at a longer interrepetition interval than for incidentally learned repetitions. These findings are interpreted in terms of the two-factor model of spacing effects in free-recall tasks.

ESP corpus design: compilation of the Veterinary Nursing Medical Chart Corpus and the Veterinary Nursing Wordlist

Corpora ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-140
Author(s):  
Yukiko Ohashi ◽  
Noriaki Katagiri ◽  
Katsutoshi Oka ◽  
Michiko Hanada
Keyword(s):  
Word List ◽  
English For Specific Purposes ◽  
Regular Expressions ◽  
Annotation Scheme ◽  
Corpus Design ◽  
As Species ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
General Service

This paper reports on two research results: ( 1) designing an English for Specific Purposes (esp) corpus architecture complete with annotations structured by regular expressions; and ( 2) a case study to test the design to cater for creating a specific vocabulary list using the compiled corpus. The first half of this study involved designing a precisely structured esp corpus from 190 veterinary medical charts with a hierarchy of the data. The data hierarchy in the corpus consists of document types, outline elements and inline elements, such as species and breed. Perl scripts extracted the data attached to veterinary-specific categories, and the extraction led to creating wordlists. The second part of the research tested the corpus mode, creating a list of commonly observed lexical items in veterinary medicine. The coverage rate of the wordlists by General Service List (gsl) and Academic Word List (awl) was tested, with the result that 66.4 percent of all lexical items appeared in gsl and awl, whereas 33.7 percent appeared in none of those lists. The corpus compilation procedures as well as the annotation scheme introduced in this study enable the compilation of specific corpora with explicit annotations, allowing teachers to have access to data required for creating esp classroom materials.

Tense? (Re)lax!

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-71
Author(s):  
Markus A. Pöchtrager
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Government Phonology ◽  
Vowel Height

AbstractThis article looks at what is referred to as the tense/lax contrast in English and proposes that members of the two sets of vowel have the same basic structure but differ in how part of that structure is made use of by its neighbours. The proposal forms part of a general theory of the representation of vowel height within the framework of Government Phonology 2.0.

The expressivity dimension of speech is the basis of the expression dimension. Evidence from behavioural and neuroimaging studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Hesling
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Word List ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Language Communication ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
List Processing ◽  
The Right

The modalities of communication are the sum of the expression dimension (linguistics) and the expressivity dimension (prosody), both being equally important in language communication. The expressivity dimension which comes first in the act of speech, is the basis on which phonemes, syllables, words, grammar and morphosyntax, i.e., the expression dimension of speech is superimposed. We will review evidence (1) revealing the importance of prosody in language acquisition and (2) showing that prosody triggers the involvement of specific brain areas dedicated to sentences and word-list processing. To support the first point, we will not only rely on experimental psychology studies conducted in newborns and young children but also on neuroimaging studies that have helped to validate these behavioral experiments. Then, neuroimaging data on adults will allow for concluding that the expressivity dimension of speech modulates both the right hemisphere prosodic areas and the left hemisphere network in charge of the expression dimension

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