Evaluation of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Anesthetized Dogs with Brachycephalic Syndrome

ABSTRACT Brachycephalic airway syndrome may predispose to gastroesophageal reflux (GER) because of the high negative intrathoracic pressures required to overcome conformational partial upper airway obstruction. To investigate this, 20 dogs presenting for elective correction of brachycephalic airway syndrome (cases) and 20 non-brachycephalic dogs (controls) undergoing other elective surgeries were prospectively enrolled. Dogs underwent a standardized anesthetic protocol, and esophageal pH was monitored. Signalment, body weight, historical gastrointestinal and respiratory disease, complete blood count, serum biochemical values, radiographic findings, and anesthetic and surgical time were compared between cases and controls, and dogs that did and did not have basic (pH > 7.5), acidic (pH < 4), or any GER. Controls had higher mean esophageal pH (6.3) compared to cases (5.6, P = .019), but there was no difference in % with GER (cases 60%, controls 40%, P = .34). When all dogs were evaluated, dogs with GER had increased creatinine (P = .01), % positive for esophageal fluid on radiographs (P = .05), and body weight (P = .04) compared to those without GER. GER was common in both cases and controls, and cases had lower esophageal pH; however, greater numbers are required to determine if a true difference exists in % GER.

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Effects of HCl-pepsin laryngeal instillations on upper airway patency-maintaining mechanisms

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1998.84.4.1299 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 84 (4) ◽

pp. 1299-1304 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Franca B. Sant’Ambrogio ◽

Giuseppe Sant’Ambrogio ◽

Kyungsoon Chung

Keyword(s):

Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽

Negative Pressure ◽

Sensory Feedback ◽

Upper Airway ◽

Esophageal Pressure ◽

Airway Patency ◽

Laryngeal Mucosa ◽

Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle ◽

Anesthetized Dogs ◽

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

Gastroesophageal reflux has been indicated as an etiopathological factor in disorders of the upper airway. Upper airway collapsing pressure stimulates pressure-responsive laryngeal receptors that reflexly increase the activity of upper airway abductor muscles. We studied, in anesthetized dogs, the effects of repeated laryngeal instillations of HCl-pepsin (HCl-P; pH = 2) on the response of laryngeal afferent endings and the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) to negative pressure. The effect of negative pressure on receptor discharge or PCA activity was evaluated by comparing their response to upper airway (UAO) and tracheal occlusions (TO). It is only during UAO, but not during TO, that the larynx is subjected to negative transmural pressure. HCl-P instillation decreased the rate of discharge during UAO of the 10 laryngeal receptors studied from 56.4 ± 10.9 (SE) to 38.2 ± 9.2 impulses/s ( P < 0.05). With UAO, the peak PCA moving time average, normalized by dividing it by the peak values of esophageal pressure, decreased after six HCl-P trials from 4.29 ± 0.31 to 2.23 ± 0.18 ( n = 6; P < 0.05). The responses to TO of either receptors or PCA remained unaltered. We conclude that exposure of the laryngeal mucosa to HCl-P solutions, as it may occur with gastroesophageal reflux, impairs the patency-maintaining mechanisms provided by laryngeal sensory feedback. Inflammatory and necrotic alterations of the laryngeal mucosa are likely responsible for these effects.

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CORRELATION OF ESOPHAGEAL pH TESTING AND RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE

Southern Medical Journal ◽

10.1097/00007611-199209001-00269 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 85 (Supplement) ◽

pp. 3S-93

Author(s):

Michael Chen ◽

David Ott ◽

Wallace Wu ◽

Jane Sinclair ◽

David Gelfand

Keyword(s):

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ◽

Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽

Reflux Disease ◽

Radiographic Findings ◽

Esophageal Ph

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease: correlation of esophageal pH testing and radiographic findings.

Radiology ◽

10.1148/radiology.185.2.1410359 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 185 (2) ◽

pp. 483-486 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

M Y Chen ◽

D J Ott ◽

J W Sinclair ◽

W C Wu ◽

D W Gelfand

Keyword(s):

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ◽

Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽

Reflux Disease ◽

Radiographic Findings ◽

Esophageal Ph

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Stridor and Gastroesophageal Reflux in Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.85.6.1034 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 85 (6) ◽

pp. 1034-1039

Author(s):

Dennis W. Nielson ◽

Gregory P. Heldt ◽

William H. Tooley

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽

Acute Inflammation ◽

Upper Airway ◽

Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure ◽

Recurrent Pneumonia ◽

Esophageal Ph ◽

History Of ◽

Frequent Vomiting ◽

Abdominal Movement

A relation was found between persistent stridor and gastroesophageal reflux in seven infants, aged 6 weeks to 6 months. Stridor began at 11 days to 2 months of age, and four of the seven infants had transient hypercarbia on at least one occasion before study. Only one had a history of frequent vomiting; three had recurrent pneumonia. Midesophageal pH, chest and abdominal movement, exhaled carbon dioxide partial pressure, and heart rate of six of the infants were recorded for 4 to 12 hours as they slept. Esophageal pH of the seventh infant was recorded for 24 hours. In the six completely studied infants, there were persistent increases of greater than 10 mm Hg in exhaled carbon dioxide level (three infants), of greater than 10 breaths per minute in respiratory rate (four infants), and in retractions and stridor (six infants) 5 to 20 minutes after onset of reflux. Stridor improved with medical management in 48 hours (five of five infants) and disappeared in 3 weeks (three of five infants) to 2 months (one of five infants). One of these medically treated infants subsequently was treated by Nissen gastric fundoplication because of a recurrence of persistent and severe stridor. Three infants had antireflux surgery, and in two of these stridor disappeared in 48 hours. In the third infant stridor disappeared 3 weeks after surgery. Based on this experience, reflux occasionally causes stridor, probably because of acute inflammation of the upper airway. If structural anomalies are ruled out, infants with severe stridor should be examined for gastroesophageal reflux.

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Diagnostic value of the dual channel esophageal pH-metry in supraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease

Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie ◽

10.1055/s-2008-1079689 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 46 (05) ◽

Author(s):

R Róka ◽

A Rosztóczy ◽

M Bencze ◽

F Izbéki ◽

K Vadászi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ◽

Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽

Reflux Disease ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Dual Channel ◽

Esophageal Ph ◽

Ph Metry

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Effect of raw and encapsulated policosanol on lipid profiles, blood biochemistry, activity, energy expenditure and macronutrient metabolism of adult cats

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1177/1098612x211013738 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1098612X2110137

Author(s):

James R Templeman ◽

Kylie Hogan ◽

Alexandra Blanchard ◽

Christopher PF Marinangeli ◽

Alexandra Camara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Indirect Calorimetry ◽

Respiratory Quotient ◽

Blood Count ◽

Complete Blood Count ◽

Serum Biochemistry ◽

Blood Collection ◽

Adult Cats ◽

Activity Energy

Objectives The objective of this study was to verify the safety of policosanol supplementation for domestic cats. The effects of raw and encapsulated policosanol were compared with positive (L-carnitine) and negative (no supplementation) controls on outcomes of complete blood count, serum biochemistry, energy expenditure, respiratory quotient and physical activity in healthy young adult cats. Methods The study was a replicated 4 × 4 complete Latin square design. Eight cats (four castrated males, four spayed females; mean age 3.0 ± 1.0 years; mean weight 4.36 ± 1.08 kg; mean body condition score 5.4 ± 1.4) were blocked by sex and body weight then randomized to treatment groups: raw policosanol (10 mg/kg body weight), encapsulated policosanol (50 mg/kg body weight), L-carnitine (200 mg/kg body weight) or no supplementation. Treatments were supplemented to a basal diet for 28 days with a 1-week washout between periods. Food was distributed equally between two offerings to ensure complete supplement consumption (first offering) and measure consumption time (second offering). Blood collection (lipid profile, complete blood count, serum biochemistry) and indirect calorimetry (energy expenditure, respiratory quotient) were conducted at days 0, 14 and 28 of each period. Activity monitors were worn 7 days prior to indirect calorimetry and blood collection. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures mixed model (SAS, v.9.4). Results Food intake and body weight were similar among treatments. There was no effect of treatment on lipid profile, serum biochemistry, activity, energy expenditure or respiratory quotient ( P >0.05); however, time to consume a second meal was greatest in cats fed raw policosanol ( P <0.05). Conclusions and relevance These data suggest that policosanol is safe for feline consumption. Further studies with cats demonstrating cardiometabolic risk factors are warranted to confirm whether policosanol therapy is an efficacious treatment for hyperlipidemia and obesity.

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Effect of two omeprazole doses on gastroesophageal reflux incidence and pH in anesthetized dogs

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia ◽

10.1016/j.vaa.2019.08.027 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 831.e10

Author(s):

L. Krause ◽

F. Lotti ◽

H. Weir ◽

P. Vogel ◽

E. Wilcoxen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽

Anesthetized Dogs

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Effect of dietary supplementation of seaweed (Ulva lactuca) and Azolla on growth performance, haematological and serum biochemical parameters of Aseel chicken

Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences ◽

10.1186/s43088-020-00087-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Vijayalingam Thavasi Alagan ◽

Rajesh Nakulan Vatsala ◽

Ilavarasan Sagadevan ◽

Vairamuthu Subbiah ◽

Venkataramanan Ragothaman

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Control Diet ◽

Dietary Supplementation ◽

Well Being ◽

Ulva Lactuca ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Serum Biochemical

Abstract Background An effort was made to assess the effectiveness of dietary supplementation of Ulva lactuca (U. lactuca), a seaweed and Azolla individually and in combination on different physiological parameters of Aseel chicken. A total of 40 Aseel chicks of 8 weeks old were allocated into four groups, C1 (control), T1 (Azolla alone), T2 (seaweed alone) and T3 (seaweed plus Azolla). Aseel chicks in C1 were fed with formulated grower feed alone, birds in T1 had control diet with 5% Azolla, birds in T2 had control diet with 3% U. lactuca and birds in T3 had control diet admixtured with 5% of Azolla and 3% of U. lactuca. Parameters were recorded for a continuous period of 2 months in 15 days interval. Results The growth performance was found to be significant (P ≤ 0.05) during 30 days of feed trials and highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) during 45 and 60 days of treatment. Birds in T3 had a higher body weight gain, shank length and feed conversion efficiency followed with T1 and T2 compared to C1. PCV, RBC, WBC and heterophil counts were not influenced (P ≥ 0.05) by dietary treatments. Uric acid, creatinine, AST, glucose, triglycerides and magnesium levels revealed a high significant (P ≤ 0.01) variation, and cholesterol level showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) changes during 30th and 60th day of feed trials between the control and treatment groups. Total protein, globulin, phosphorus and electrolytes like Na, K and Cl levels were not significant (P ≥ 0.05) during 30th day and were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) during the 60th day of the trial. Conclusions It could be noted that inclusion of U. lactuca and Azolla as feed supplement in grower chicken had a better body weight gain when given in combination (U. lactuca and Azolla) rather than supplemented with the sole entity. Based on the haematological and serum biochemical analysis, the supplementation of U. lactuca and Azolla at the levels included in this trial did not pose any threat to the physiological well-being of Aseel chicken.

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