scholarly journals OPPORTUNITIES OF INTEGRATING DESALINATION TO COGENERATION FOR BRAZILIAN CONDITIONS

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
E. M. Ferreira ◽  
J. A. P. Balestieri ◽  
M. A. Zanardi
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
World Population ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Middle East Countries ◽  
Main Technique

One of the major problems in this century refers to the availability of potable water, necessary to the survival of populations. The world population is continually increasing and natural resources are proportionally decreasing, and the development of potable water production techniques demands intensive efforts. Electric power requirement is also necessary to the development of nations. Desalination processes are widely used in countries with low offer of potable water. Technologies nowadays in use are multi-stage-flash distillation (MSF), multi-effect distillation (MED) and reverse osmosis (RO) process. In MSF and MED processes, the main technique is distillation. Reverse osmosis technique relies on the osmotic principle, in which a solvent passes through a membrane. Since the middle of 1950, these desalting techniques are widely used mainly in the Middle East countries, where water shortage is almost absolute. Although uncommonly conceived, discussing the implementation of desalination processes in association to cogeneration systems in Brazil is a necessary task for the long-term planning. In this way, this paper proposes to reviewthe successful experiences presented in the literature as a way of  establishing how electric power and fresh water production can be produced from seawater desalting processes in an optimized way. Another objective pursued in this paper is stimulating more attention to this matter, that deserves discussing the skill staff formation and the know-how of such technologies in the strategic planning to the water resource management, specially because these investments require a considerable time for human resources development and the knowledge of the most adequate technology to be implemented for the integration of desalting and cogeneration units.

Potable water production from seawater by the reverse osmosis technique in Libya

Desalination ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 203 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 119-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Aboabboud ◽  
Salaheddin Elmasallati
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Water Production

EFFECTS OF USING SEAWATER IN THE MIXING AND CURING OF CONCRETE

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadeel Moussawel
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace Slag ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
World Population ◽  
Concrete Technology ◽  
Structural Concrete ◽  
The World ◽  
Hardened Properties ◽  
Furnace Slag

The U.N. evaluates that in 2050 the world population will increase about three point five billion, mostly in evolving countries that have underwent potable water crises. Furthermore, over half of the world population will unable to provide sufficient amounts of drinking water. Consequently, it is absolutely crucial to study ways to save freshwater. The use of seawater, which accounts for 97 percent of all the water present on Earth, is very essential. This thesis studies the use of seawater instead of freshwater in the mixing and curing of structural concrete in order to reduce future water shortage and aid in the evolution of concrete technology. Concrete mixed and cured with seawater is studied in terms of fresh and hardened properties. Results include an expected early accelerated rate of gain in compressive strength and presumably no direct effect on the rate of corrosion of reinforcement when compared to concrete mixed and cured with freshwater. Also, the type of concrete’s effect was studied by using ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and by partial replacement of OPC with Blast-Furnace Slag Cement (BFSC).

scholarly journals System Dynamics-Multiple Objective Optimization Model for Water Resource Management: A Case Study in Jiaxing City, China

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 671
Author(s):  
Xiaoying Zhou ◽  
Feier Wang ◽  
Kuan Huang ◽  
Huichun Zhang ◽  
Jie Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Multiple Objective ◽  
Multiple Objective Optimization ◽  
Model Framework

Predicting and allocating water resources have become important tasks in water resource management. System dynamics and optimal planning models are widely applied to solve individual problems, but are seldom combined in studies. In this work, we developed a framework involving a system dynamics-multiple objective optimization (SD-MOO) model, which integrated the functions of simulation, policy control, and water allocation, and applied it to a case study of water management in Jiaxing, China to demonstrate the modeling. The predicted results of the case study showed that water shortage would not occur at a high-inflow level during 2018–2035 but would appear at mid- and low-inflow levels in 2025 and 2022, respectively. After we made dynamic adjustments to water use efficiency, economic growth, population growth, and water resource utilization, the predicted water shortage rates decreased by approximately 69–70% at the mid- and low-inflow levels in 2025 and 2035 compared to the scenarios without any adjustment strategies. Water allocation schemes obtained from the “prediction + dynamic regulation + optimization” framework were competitive in terms of social, economic and environmental benefits and flexibly satisfied the water demands. The case study demonstrated that the SD-MOO model framework could be an effective tool in achieving sustainable water resource management.

Effect of Flow Configuration on Nitrifiers in Biological Activated Carbon Filters for Potable Water Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (22) ◽  
pp. 14646-14655
Author(s):  
Min Rui ◽  
Haoshen Chen ◽  
Yinyin Ye ◽  
Huiping Deng ◽  
Hong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Biological Activated Carbon ◽  
Flow Configuration

Use of membrane technology for potable water production

Desalination ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 170 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Arora ◽  
R.C. Maheshwari ◽  
S.K. Jain ◽  
A. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Potable Water ◽  
Membrane Technology ◽  
Water Production

scholarly journals Microbial biotechnologies for potable water production

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1094-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jane Fowler ◽  
Barth F. Smets
Keyword(s):  
Potable Water ◽  
Water Production

FC 134WATER SAVING COMPARISON AT DIFFERENT DIALYSATE FLOWS IN EXPANDED HEMODIALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Molano-Triviño ◽  
Jasmin Vesga ◽  
Gregorio Romero ◽  
Claudio Ronco
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Dialysate Flow ◽  
Middle Molecules ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Water Waste

Abstract Background and Aims Expanded hemodialysis (HDx) improves clearance of middle molecules as a target for uremia treatment. According to previously published results, high cut off filters have high enough clearance to allow diminishing of dialysate flow (Qd) without detrimental in HD adequacy outcomes with less water waste. According to World Health Organization (WHO), globally, almost 800 million people lack access to safe water and 2.5 billion lack access to optimal sanitation. Is our duty to search for ways to avoid water waste. Our aim is to describe the differences in water use between HDX patients receiving Qd 400 mL/min (Group 1) vs 500 ml/min (group 2) in HD patients from 10 renal clinics in Colombia as an alternative to reduce water waste in chronic HD as a strategy from Blue Planet Dialysis initiatives. Method We performed a Sub-analysis of CORHEX Study: We calculated water use at different Qd from our database: prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study of 992 adult patients undergoing chronic HD from 12 renal clinics in Colombia who were switched from high-flux HD to MCO therapy and observed for 12 months. All patients were prescribed with HDX three times a week for a minimum of 4 hours. We analysed patients with weight lower than 70 Kg at different Qd prescriptions to calculate water use at different Qd prescriptions and performed a prediction analysis, adjusting to Qd 400 mL/min, the whole potential population with weight lower than 70 Kg. Results 462 patients with weight lower than 70 Kg were analysed, 127 patients received Qd 400 mL/min. When diminishing Qd from 500 to 400 mL/min, 24 litres were saved per session per patient without detriment of middle molecule clearance. There were no differences in adequacy HD parameters between Qd prescriptions (Table 1 and 2). Conclusion HDX allows lowering of Qd to 400 mL/min without harm for patients and with remarkable savings of potable water: 24 Litres were saved in each session per patient that can be translated in almost 3500 Litres of water each year by patient which is enough for one year for 47 adults. (Based on the WHO minimum for basic health protection of at least 20 L per person/day) (2). We consider our results especially relevant since the World Health Organization estimates that within the next 5 years, over 50% of world population could reside in geographies lacking sufficient access to water. We hope that our results from the Blue Planet dialysis research group, alongside with Dr. Agar`s and Dr. Barraclough`s green nephrology initiatives, can help educate the nephrology community on the ecological impact of dialysis and can present an innovative solution to offer HD therapy even in countries suffering from limited access to potable water.

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