A Review on the Use of Membrane Technology Systems in Developing Countries

Fulfilling the demand of clean potable water to the general public has long been a challenging task in most developing countries due to various reasons. Large-scale membrane water treatment systems have proven to be successful in many advanced countries in the past two decades. This paves the way for developing countries to study the feasibility and adopt the utilization of membrane technology in water treatment. There are still many challenges to overcome, particularly on the much higher capital and operational cost of membrane technology compared to the conventional water treatment system. This review aims to delve into the progress of membrane technology for water treatment systems, particularly in developing countries. It first concentrates on membrane classification and its application in water treatment, including membrane technology progress for large-scale water treatment systems. Then, the fouling issue and ways to mitigate the fouling will be discussed. The feasibility of membrane technologies in developing countries was then evaluated, followed by a discussion on the challenges and opportunities of the membrane technology implementation. Finally, the current trend of membrane research was highlighted to address future perspectives of the membrane technologies for clean water production.

ANALYSIS OF Nb - Ni AND V - Ni BASED MEMBRANE CHARACTERISTICS

Для получения сверхчистого водорода мембранной технологией вместо дорогостоящих сплавов Pd рассмотрены более дешёвые на основе металлов Nb и V . Накапливаемый в матрицах обычных мембран водород формирует специфические полиэдрические плотноупакованные гидридные образования особенно с повышение температур от 473 до 673 К и риском разрушения мембран. Благодаря легированию титаном этих сплавов повысились рабочие характеристики мембран: диффузия и проницаемость водорода, прочность, износоустойчивость и термостабильность. В кристаллических аналогах проблема образования гидридов также была решена повышением концентрации Ti с формированием эвтектических фаз в тройных составах сплавах, например, NbTiNi и VTiNi. С формированием в указанных составах соединений NiTi и NiTi образование гидридов блокируется даже при нагреве, благодаря устойчивым процессам водородной селективности. To obtain ultrapure hydrogen by membrane technology, instead of expensive membranes made of Pd alloys, cheaper ones based on metals (Nb - Ni) and (V - Ni) are considered. Due to alloying of these Ti alloys, the performance of the membranes increased - diffusion and permeability of hydrogen, wear resistance and thermal stability, exceeding the Pd alloys. For crystalline analogs, the problem was also solved by increasing the Ti concentration with the formation of eutectic phases in ternary alloy compositions (NbTiNi and VTiNi). Hydrogen accumulated in membrane matrices forms specific polyhedral eutectic TCP hydrides up to phase transitions, and upon cooling from 673 to 303K under conditions of thermal expansion from 473 to 673K, it increases the temperature of P-hydride formation and forms NiTi and NiTi compounds, which stabilize and protect nano- and crystalline membranes from brittle destruction.

Sustainable Treatment of Food Industry Wastewater Using Membrane Technology: A Short Review

Water is needed for food processing facilities to carry out a number of tasks, including moving goods, washing, processing, and cleaning operations. This causes them to produce wastewater effluent, and they are typically undesirable since it contains a high volume of suspended solids, bacteria, dyestuffs, salts, oils, fats, chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand. Therefore, treatment of food industry wastewater effluent is critical in improving process conditions, socio-economic benefits and our environmental. This short review summarizes the role of available membrane technologies that have been employed for food wastewater treatment and analyse their performance. Particularly, electrospun nanofiber membrane technology is revealed as an emerging membrane science and technology area producing materials of increasing performance and effectiveness in treating wastewater. This review reveals the challenges and perspectives that will assist in treating the food industry wastewater by developing novel membrane technologies.