ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF HERBAL IMMUNOMODULATORY PREPARATIONS NCV I AND AC II – AND THEIR USEFULNESS IN HIV INFECTION

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
S. T Tharakan ◽  
◽  
P. P. Binitha ◽  
R. Kuttan ◽  
G. Kuttan
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
The Past ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

NCV I and AC II are the two herbal immunomodulatory preparations being used in our centre for the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) for the past 20 years. The objective of this study is to check whether these drugs possess any antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo. In vitro antiviral activity was determined using Vero cells against Poliovirus. In vivo antiviral activity was determined in chick and duck embryonated eggs using New Castle Disease Virus (NDV), Egg Drop Syndrome (EDS) virus and also in NDV vaccinated chicks. NCV I and AC II decreased growth of poliovirus in culture. When the virus-inoculated Vero cells were treated with NCV I, the viral growth was inhibited by 59.87% and with AC II it was inhibited by 70.06%. When the chick embryos were treated with these viruses, there was no immediate lethality for 5 days but the haemagglutination titre (HA) was found to be significantly increased indicating an increase in viral load. The haemagglutination titre for NDV alone was found to be 1024 against normal untreated value of 128. In EDS treated duck eggs HA titre was found to be 4096. These titres were reduced to 4 in NCV I and 8 in AC II treated duck embryos. NCV I and AC II were also found to decrease the HA titre in chicks treated with NDV. These studies indicated the effectiveness of NCV I and AC II in HIV could be partially due to its antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus.

Dementia associated with infectious diseases

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (s1) ◽  
pp. S65-S77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osvaldo P. Almeida ◽  
Nicola T. Lautenschlager
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Prion Diseases ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Jakob Disease ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

At the turn of the last century, infectious diseases represented an important cause of health morbidity and behavioral changes. Neurosyphilis, for example, was relatively common at the time and often led to the development of cognitive impairment and dementia. With the advent of effective antibiotic treatment, the association between infectious diseases and dementia became increasingly less frequent, although a resurgence of interest in this area has taken place during the past 15 years with the emergence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD). This paper reviews the most frequent infectious causes of dementia, including prion diseases, as well as infections caused by herpes virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), toxoplasmosis, cryptococcus, cytomegalovirus, syphilis, borrelia and cysticercosis.

scholarly journals Infection of megakaryocytes by human immunodeficiency virus in seropositive patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Blood ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 1697-1705 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Louache ◽  
A Bettaieb ◽  
A Henri ◽  
E Oksenhendler ◽  
JP Farcet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Antibodies ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Abstract Twenty-one human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients, including 11 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-free patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), were studied to determine whether the megakaryocytic/platelet lineage was infected by HIV. Because purification of platelets did not reach a level sufficient for unequivocal results by the polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization was thus performed. Purified marrow megakaryocytes (MK) from 10 HIV-infected ITP patients were studied using a 35S HIV riboprobe, antisense of an HIV ENV sequence. HIV transcripts were clearly detected in MK from five of these 10 patients, although heterogeneity among MK was observed. In three of these five cases, small amounts of HIV glycoproteins were detected in MK by means of immunofluorescence. In addition anti-HIV antibodies could be eluted from platelets of all patients. In contrast, HIV transcripts were not detected in MK derived from colony-forming units-MK (CFU-MK) cultured in suspension, suggesting either that MK are infected by HIV during terminal differentiation or that HIV-infected CFU-MK are unable to differentiate in vitro. In conclusion, this study suggests that HIV infection of MK may be implicated in the pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia of HIV-positive patients.

scholarly journals CD8+ T lymphocytes in the lung of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients harbor human immunodeficiency virus type 1

Blood ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 85 (9) ◽  
pp. 2308-2314 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Semenzato ◽  
C Agostini ◽  
L Ometto ◽  
R Zambello ◽  
L Trentin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
Cd8 Cells ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv 1

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection of CD8+ lymphocytes has been described in several in vitro culture systems, but whether CD8+ cells are a target and also serve as a reservoir for infection in vivo as yet is unknown. We addressed this issue in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related lower respiratory tract chronic inflammation, which is characterized by a massive influx of CD8+ HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Proviral load in lung T lymphocytes and their subpopulations was evaluated by using the DNA-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique on cells retrieved by bronchoalveolar lavage. To avoid the possibility that the presence of HIV-1 DNA could be caused by contaminating CD4+ cells, serial dilutions of highly purified CD8+ cells were also analyzed by PCR. Our findings showed that lung CD8+ cells harbor and express HIV-1. To explore the possible mechanisms leading to pulmonary CD8+ lymphocyte infection, we evaluated CD4 gene expression on highly purified CD8+ cells by means of reverse transcriptase PCR. Despite the lack of membrane CD4 reactivity, we could show that CD8+ cells may express CD4 RNA. Coinfection of lung CD8+ cells harboring proviral HIV-1 sequences by viral agents capable of inducing CD4 expression (ie, HHV-6) was not detected. Our data indicate that not only CD4+ T lymphocytes and macrophages, but also CD8+ cells, may represent a target and/or a reservoir for HIV-1 in vivo, and suggest that lung CD8+ lymphocytes could derive from precursors equipped with enough CD4 molecules to become HIV-1 permissive. Aside from the cell-to-cell contact between activated HIV-1 specific CTL and relevant targets, the infection of precursors could represent an additional mechanism accounting for the infection of pulmonary CD8+ cells and their functional impairment.

scholarly journals Infection of megakaryocytes by human immunodeficiency virus in seropositive patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Blood ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 1697-1705 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Louache ◽  
A Bettaieb ◽  
A Henri ◽  
E Oksenhendler ◽  
JP Farcet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Antibodies ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Twenty-one human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients, including 11 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-free patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), were studied to determine whether the megakaryocytic/platelet lineage was infected by HIV. Because purification of platelets did not reach a level sufficient for unequivocal results by the polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization was thus performed. Purified marrow megakaryocytes (MK) from 10 HIV-infected ITP patients were studied using a 35S HIV riboprobe, antisense of an HIV ENV sequence. HIV transcripts were clearly detected in MK from five of these 10 patients, although heterogeneity among MK was observed. In three of these five cases, small amounts of HIV glycoproteins were detected in MK by means of immunofluorescence. In addition anti-HIV antibodies could be eluted from platelets of all patients. In contrast, HIV transcripts were not detected in MK derived from colony-forming units-MK (CFU-MK) cultured in suspension, suggesting either that MK are infected by HIV during terminal differentiation or that HIV-infected CFU-MK are unable to differentiate in vitro. In conclusion, this study suggests that HIV infection of MK may be implicated in the pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia of HIV-positive patients.

Tingkat Pengetahuan Mahasiswa Tentang Hiv/Aids Di Akademi Kebidanan Sandi Karsa Makassar

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Nur Syamsi NL
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv Aids

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) adalah syndrom yang timbul akibat adanya virus HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) yang menyerang sistem kekebalan tubuh manusia. HIV/AIDS dapat menular melalui darah, sperma, cairan vagina, dan ASI (Air Susu Ibu). Penelitian ini dilakukan di Akademi Kebidanan Sandi Karsa Makassar yang terletak di jalan Bung lorong 2, Kelurahan Tamalanrea, Kecamatan Tamalanrea Jaya, Makassar. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif. Besarnya sampel yang digunakan adalah 30 responden dari 600 populasi yang dipilih secara Total Sampling. Di mana dalam pengambilan data digunakan instrumen berupa kuesioner yang dibagikan kepada responden. Dari keseluruhan responden didapatkan tingkat pengetahuan mahasiswa Akademi Kebidanan Sandi Karsa Makassar yang diteliti didapat 15 mahasiswa (50%) yang tingkat pengetahuan baik tentang HIV/AIDS dan terdapat 14 mahasiswa (46,7%) yang tingkat pengetahuan cukup tentang HIV/AID dan terdapat 1 mahasiswa (3,3%) yang tingkat pengetahuan kurang tentang HIV/AIDS

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