scholarly journals Use of Alizarin Red S as an Ion-Pair Reagent for the Spectrophotometric Assay of Fexofenadine in Pharmaceuticals and in Spiked Human Urine

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Madihalli S. Raghu ◽  
Kanakapura Basavaiah ◽  
Kudige N. Prashanth ◽  
Kankapura B. Vinay
Keyword(s):  
Human Urine ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
Alizarin Red S ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Spiked Human Urine

The present study describes two simple, rapid, selective, and cost-effective spectrophotometric methods for the determination of an antiallergic drug, fexofenadine hydrochloride (FFH), in bulk drug, tablets, and in spiked human urine. The first method (method A) is based on the formation of yellow-colored ion-pair complex between FFH and alizarin red S (AZS) in acid medium which was extracted into dichloromethane, and the absorbance was measured at 440 nm. The second method (method B) is based on the breaking of the yellow FFH–AZS ion-pair complex in alkaline medium followed by the measurement of the violet-colored free dye at 590 nm. Under the optimized conditions, Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration ranges of 0.4–12.0 and 0.2–3.5 μg  FFH for method A and method B, respectively, and the corresponding molar absorptivity values are 3.80 × 104 and 1.61 × 105 L . The Sandell’s sensitivity, detection, and quantification limits are also reported. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of FFH in pure drug and commercial tablets. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed methods were further established by recovery studies via standard addition technique.

scholarly journals Optimized and validated spectrophotometric methods for the determination of hydroxyzine hydrochloride in pharmaceuticals and urine using iodine and picric acid

2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 1551-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagaraju Rajendraprasad ◽  
Kanakapura Basavaiah ◽  
Kanakapura Vinay
Keyword(s):  
Human Urine ◽  
Picric Acid ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Complexation Reaction ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Charge Transfer Complexation ◽  
Spiked Human Urine ◽  
Acceptor Method

Two simple, rapid, cost-effective and sensitive spectrophotometric procedures are proposed for the determination of hydroxyzine dihydrochloride (HDH) in pharmaceuticals and in spiked human urine. The methods are based on the charge transfer complexation reaction of the drug with either iodine (I2) as a ?-acceptor (method A) in dichloromethane or picric acid (PA) as a ?-acceptor (method B) in chloroform. The coloured products exhibit absorption maxima at 380 and 400 nm for I2 and PA, respectively. The Beer Law was obeyed over the concentration ranges of 1.25-15 and 3.75-45 ?g mL-1 for method A and method B, respectively. The molar absorptivity values, Sandell sensitivities, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) are reported. The accuracy and precision of the methods were evaluated on intra-day and inter-day basis. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of HDH in tablets and spiked human urine.

scholarly journals SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF SOFOSBUVIR AND DACLATASVIR IN PURE AND DOSAGE FORMS

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
MONIR Z. SAAD ◽  
ATEF AMER ◽  
KHALED ELGENDY ◽  
BASEM ELGENDY
Keyword(s):  
Indigo Carmine ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods

Objective: Two simple, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of sofosbuvir (SOF) and daclatasvir (DAC) in pure forms and pharmaceutical formulations. Methods: The proposed methods are based on the oxidation of SOF and DAC by a known excess of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate in sulphuric acid medium followed by determination of unreacted cerium(IV) by adding a fixed amount of indigo carmine (IC) and alizarin red S (ARS) dyes followed by measuring the absorbance at 610 and 360 nm, respectively. The experimental conditions affecting the reaction were studied and optimized. Results: The beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration ranges of 0.2-3.0, 0.2-4.0 for SOF and 0.5-4.5 and 0.5-5.0 μg/ml for DAC using IC and ARS methods, respectively with a correlation coefficient ≥ 0.9991. The calculated molar absorptivity values are 2.354 × 104, 1.933 × 104 for SOF and 1.786 × 104 and 2.015 × 104 L/mol. cm for DAC using IC and ARS methods, respectively u. The limits of detection and quantification are also reported. Intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy of the methods have been evaluated. Conclusion: The methods were successfully applied to the assay of SOF and DAC in tablets and the results were statistically compared with those of the reference method by applying Student’s t-test and F-test. No interference was observed from the common tablet excipients. The accuracy and reliability of the methods were further ascertained by performing recovery studies using the standard addition method.

Validated Spectrophotometric Determination of Rizatriptan Benzoate in Pharmaceutical Formulations using Alizarin Derivatives

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
El Sheikh R ◽  
Hassan W. S. ◽  
Gouda A. A. ◽  
Al OwairdhiA. ◽  
Al Hassani K K H
Keyword(s):  
Standard Addition ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Rizatriptan Benzoate ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Relative Standard

Two simple, sensitive, accurate, precise and economical spectrophotometric methods have been developed and validated for the determination of rizatriptan benzoate (RZT) in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations. These methods were based on the formation of charge transfer complex between RZT as n-electron donor and alizarin red S (ARS) or quinalizarin (Quinz) as π-acceptor in methanol to form highly colored chromogens which showed an absorption maximum at 532 and 574 nm using ARS and Quinz, respectively. The optimization of the reaction conditions such as the type of solvent, reagent concentration and reaction time were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 1.0-16 and 2.0-20 g mL-1 using ARS and Quinz, respectively with good correlation coefficient (r2 ≥ 0.9996) and with a relative standard deviation (RSD% ≤ 1.16). The molar absorptivity, Sandell sensitivity, detection and quantification limits were also calculated. The methods were successfully applied to the determination of RZT in its pharmaceutical formulations and the validity assesses by applying the standard addition technique. Results obtained by the proposed methods for the pure RZT and commercial tablets agreed well with those obtained by the reported method.

scholarly journals Utility of Charge Transfer and Ion-Pair Complexation for Spectrophotometric Determination of Eletriptan Hydrobromide in Pure and Dosage Forms

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayman A. Gouda ◽  
Ragaa El Sheikh ◽  
Rham M. El-Azzazy
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
Charge Transfer Complexes ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Relative Standard

Three simple, sensitive, and accurate spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of eletriptan hydrobromide (ELT) in pure and dosage forms. The first two methods are based on charge transfer complex formation between ELT and chromogenic reagents quinalizarin (Quinz) and alizarin red S (ARS) producing charge transfer complexes which showed an absorption maximum at 569 and 533 nm for Quinz and ARS, respectively. The third method is based on the formation of ion-pair complex between ELT with molybdenum(V)-thiocyanate inorganic complex in hydrochloric acid medium followed by extraction of the colored ion-pair with dichloromethane and measured at 470 nm. Different variables affecting the reactions were studied and optimized. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 2.0–18, 1.0–8.0, and 2.0–32 μg mL−1for Quinz, ARS, and Mo(V)-thiocyanate, respectively. The molar absorptivity, Sandell sensitivity, detection, and quantification limits are also calculated. The correlation coefficients were ≥0.9994 with a relative standard deviation (R.S.D%.) of ≤0.925. The proposed methods were successfully applied for simultaneous determination of ELT in tablets with good accuracy and precision and without interferences from common additives, and the validity is assessed by applying the standard addition technique, which is compared with those obtained using the reported method.

scholarly journals Spectrophotometric study on the charge transfer complex between sumatriptan succinate and some π-acceptors and alizarin derivatives

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheikh El ◽  
Ayman Gouda ◽  
Rham El-Azzazy
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Spectrophotometric Study ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Charge Transfer Complexes ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Sumatriptan Succinate ◽  
Relative Standard

A facile, accurate, sensitive and validated spectrophotometric methods for the determination of sumatriptan succinate (SMT) in pure and in dosage forms are described. The methods are based on the formation of charge transfer products between SMT and chromogenic reagents 2,3-dichloro-5,6 dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ), 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane(TCNQ), quinalizarin (Quiz) and alizarin red S (ARS) producing charge transfer complexes which showed an absorption maximum at 461, 841, 567 and 529 nm for DDQ, TCNQ, Quiz and ARS, respectively. The optimization of the reaction conditions such as the type of solvent, reagent concentration and reaction time were investigated. Beer?s law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 1.0-80 mg mL-1. The molar absorptivity, Sandell sensitivity, detection and quantification limits are also calculated. The correlation coefficient was ?0.9994 with a relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) of ? 1.08. The proposed methods were successfully applied for determination of sumatriptan in tablets with good accuracy and precision and without interferences from common additives by applying the standard addition technique. Developed methods have been validated statistically for their accuracy, precision, sensitivity, selectivity, robustness and ruggedness as per ICH guidelines and the results compared favourably with those obtained using the reported method.

scholarly journals Sensitive and Selective Spectrophotometric Determination of Gabapentin in Capsules Using Two Nitrophenols as Chromogenic Agents

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameer A. M. Abdulrahman ◽  
Kanakapura Basavaiah
Keyword(s):  
Picric Acid ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
Lewis Base ◽  
Pure Form ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Significant Difference

Two simple and selective spectrophotometric methods have been proposed for the determination of gabapentin (GBP) in pure form and in capsules. Both methods are based on the proton transfer from the Lewis acid such as 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid; PA) or 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) to the primary amino group of GBP which works as Lewis base and formation of yellow ion-pair complexes. The ion-pair complexes formed show absorption maximum at 415 and 420 nm for PA and 2,4-DNP, respectively. Under the optimized experimental conditions, Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration ranges of 1.25–15.0 and 2.0–18.0 μg mL−1GBP for PA and 2,4-DNP methods, respectively. The molar absorptivity, Sandell's sensitivity, detection and, quantification limits for both methods are also reported. The proposed methods were applied successfully to the determination of GBP in pure form and commercial capsules. Statistical comparison of the results was performed using Student'st-test and F-ratio at 95% confidence level, and there was no significant difference between the reference and proposed methods with regard to accuracy and precision. Further, the validity of the proposed methods was confirmed by recovery studies via standard addition technique.

scholarly journals Spectrophotometric determination of ofloxacin in pharmaceuticals and human urine

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
K. B. Vinay ◽  
H. D. Revanasiddappa ◽  
M. R. Divya ◽  
N. Rajendraprasad
Keyword(s):  
Human Urine ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Ich Guidelines ◽  
Tablet Formulations ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Spiked Human Urine

Three simple and sensitive spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of ofloxacin (OFX) in pharmaceuticals and in spiked human urine. First and second methods are based on the measurement of absorbance of OFX in 0.1 M HCl at 293 nm (method A) and 0.1 M NaOH at 287 nm, respectively. The third method is based on the measurement of2:1 complex formed between OFX and iron(III) in H2SO4 medium, the complex peaking at 420 nm (method C). The optimum conditions for all the three methods are optimized. Beer’s lawis obeyed over the ranges 0.63-12.5 using method A and method B, and 10-120 μg mL-1 using method C. The apparent molar absorptivity values are calculated to be 3.5 × 104, 2.76 × 104 and2.51 × 103 L mol-1cm-1 for method A, method B and method C, respectively. The Sandell sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD) and limit quantification (LOQ) values are also reported. All the methods were validated in accordance with current ICH guidelines. The developed methods were employed with high degree of precision and accuracy for the estimation of total drug content in commercial tablet formulations of DOX. The results obtained from human spiked urine are satisfactory and recovery values are in the range 95.5-106.6%.

scholarly journals Cerimetric determination of simvastatin in pharmaceuticals based on redox and complex formation reactions

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Kanakapura Basavaiah ◽  
Okram Zenita Devi
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Fixed Quantity ◽  
Bulk Drug ◽  
Student’S T

Two sensitive spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of simvastatin (SMT) in bulk drug and in tablets. The methods are based on the oxidation of SMT by a measured excess of cerium (IV) in acid medium followed by determination of unreacted oxidant by two different reaction schemes. In one procedure (method A), the residual cerium (IV) is reacted with a fixed concentration of ferroin and the increase in absorbance is measured at 510 nm. The second approach (method B) involves thereduction of the unreacted cerium (IV) with a fixed quantity of iron (II), and the resulting iron (III) is complexed with thiocyanate and the absorbance measured at 470 nm. In both methods, the amount of cerium (IV) reacted corresponds to SMT concentration. The experimental conditions for both methods were optimized. In method A, the absorbance is found to increase linearly with SMT concentration (r = 0.9995) whereas in method B, the same decreased (r = -0.9943). The systems obey Beer’s law for 0.6-7.5 and 0.5-5.0 μg mL-1 for method A and method B, respectively. The calculated molar absorptivity values are 2.7 X 104 and 1.06 X 105 Lmol-1 cm-1, respectively; and the corresponding sandel sensitivity values are 0.0153 and 0.0039μg cm-2, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) are reported for both methods. Intra-day and inter-day precision, and accuracy of the methods were established as per the current ICH guidelines. The methods were successfully applied to the determination of SMT in tablets and the results were statistically compared with those of the reference method by applying the Student’s t-test and F-test. No interference was observed from the common excipients added to tablets. The accuracy and validity of the methods were further ascertained by performing recovery experiments via standard addition procedure.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF FLUOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE VIA ION PAIR COMPLEXATION WITH ALIZARIN RED S

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 1293-1303
Author(s):  
Constantinescu Clementina ◽  
Neagu Alexandra ◽  
Uivarosi Valentina
Keyword(s):  
Ion Pair ◽  
Alizarin Red S ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Fluoxetine Hydrochloride

scholarly journals Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Nortriptyline Hydrochloride Using Sudan II, IV and Black B

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-160
Author(s):  
A. Amin ◽  
H. Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
Calibration Graph ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Sudan Black B ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Nortriptyline Hydrochloride

A simple spectrophotometric methods has been developed for the determination of nortriptyline hydrochloride in pure and in pharmaceutical formulations based on the formation of ion-pair complexes with sudun II (SII), sudan (IV) (SIV) and sudan black B (SBB). The selectivity of the method was improved through extraction with chloroform. The optimum conditions for complete extracted colour development were assessed. The absorbance measurements were made at 534, 596 and 649 nm for SII, SIV and SBB complexes, respectively. The calibration graph was linear in the ranges 0.5- 280. 0.5- 37.5 and 0.5 – 31.0 μg ml−1 of the drug usiny the same reagents, respectively. The precision of the procedure was checked by calculating the relative standard deviation of ten replicate determinations on 15 μg ml−1 of nortriptyline HCI and was found to be 1.7, 1.3 and 1.55% using SII, SIV, and SBB complexes, respectively. The molar absorptivity and Sandell sensitivity for each ion-pair were calculated. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the deterniination of pure nortriptyline HCI and in pharmaceutical formulations, and the results demonstrated that the method is equally accurate, precise and reproducible as the official method.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document