North of Slavery

Author(s):  
Wanda A. Hendricks

This chapter focuses on Fannie Barrier Williams' early life. Fannie Barrier was born on February 12, 1855, to mixed-race parents, in Brockport, an overwhelmingly white community in New York. Brockport was north of slavery, and according to census records, no resident of the town had ever owned enslaved people. The village was a secure and supportive place for Barrier, with no racially divided public spaces. This chapter first provides a background on Brockport and Fannie's parents, Harriet Prince Barrier and Anthony J. Barrier, as well as her early education, including her enrollment at the Brockport Collegiate Institute. It considers how the school provided Fannie with the necessary skills to pursue the personal, public, and professional life that was not available to her mother's generation. It also examines how the northern location of Brockport and the convergence of several social, political, and economic factors sheltered Fannie and her siblings and greatly restricted the negative impact of racism and discrimination on their lives.

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Piętka ◽  
Damian Byk ◽  
Adam Byk

Distribution of an alien fungus, octopus stinkhorn Clathrus archeri, has been studied in north-eastern Poland. The closest earlier known localities of this species, situated north of the new ones, were reported near the village of Dymnica (Lębork County) in Poland and near the town of Kartena in Lithuania. Field research was conducted in May–November in 2019-2020 and information from naturalists and foresters was verified, to map this species and draw attention to the problem of appearance of alien fungal species in forests. In the locality where the largest number of basidiomata was found, they were measured every day from 12 October till 2 November 2020: height and width of young ones at the egg phase, height of mature ones, and length of their longest arms. Additionally, arms of individual basidiomata were counted. We have documented 7 localities of C. archeri, including 5 situated in forests and 2 in other habitats. In total, we found 63 basidiomata of this species. In the localities outside forests, basidiomata of C. archeri appeared in places where timber was stored and the soil was covered with sawdust and pieces of bark. The other 5 localities were situated in broadleaved forests with a small proportion of coniferous species. It seems that C. archeri, when moisture level is suitable, finds favourable living conditions in fertile broadleaved forests of north-eastern Poland. It is sometimes re-moved from forest areas (e.g. with wood) to open and urbanized areas. Considering the observed climate change, we can expect a further spread of C. archeri to the north-eastern of Poland and an increase in the number of its localities in the Baltic Sea region. Spore dispersal of this species is facilitated not only by humans but also by insects. No negative impact of C. archeri on wooded habitats was noticed.  Key words: Phallaceae, Clathrus archeri, octopus stinkhorn, alien species, ecology, distribution, forest, Poland


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-487
Author(s):  
Taylor M. Lampe ◽  
Sari L. Reisner ◽  
Eric W. Schrimshaw ◽  
Asa Radix ◽  
Raiya Mallick ◽  
...  

Screen Bodies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
Tru Leverette ◽  
Barbara Mennel

Zélie Asava. Mixed Race Cinemas: Multiracial Dynamics in America and France (New York Bloomsbury, 2017). 216 pp., ISBN: 1501312456 (paperback: $35.96)Elizabeth Otto and Patrick Rössler, eds. Bauhaus Bodies: Gender, Sexuality, and Body Culture in Modernism’s Legendary Art School (New York: Bloomsbury Visual Arts, 2019). xl + 345 pp., ISBN: 9781501344787 (hardback, $110), (paperback, $29.95)


2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
HARNITA HARNITA ◽  
H. Anwar ◽  
Pendais Hak

ABSTRAK: Tujuan utama dalam penelitian ini mengetahui  latar belakang pelaksanaan kegiatan Ritual dalam Tradisi Pertanian (Galu) pada Masyarakat Desa Bone Tondo Kecamatan Bone Kabupaten Muna, mendeskripsikan ritual-ritual apa saja yang dilakukan dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan ritual dalam Tradisi Pertanian (Galu) pada Masyarakat Desa Bone Tondo Kecamatan Bone Kabupaten Muna, mendeskripsikan proses kegiatan ritual dalam Tradisi Pertanian pada Masyarakat Desa Bone Tondo Kecamatan Bone Kabupaten Muna dan mendeskripsikan perubahan yang terjadi saat ini dalam proses Ritual dalam Tradisi Pertanian (Galu) pada Masyarakat Desa Bone Tondo Kecamatan Bone Kabupaten Muna. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode sejarah menurut Helius Sjamsuddin yang terdiri atas: (1) Heuristik (pengmpulan sumber), (2) Kritik sumber (verifikasi), (3) Historiografi (penulisan sejarah).Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa: (1) Latar belakang pelaksanaan ritual dalam tradisi pertanian pada masyarakat Desa Bone Tondo adalah dalam bercocok tanam (degalu) masyarakat Desa Bone Tondo memiliki keyakinan bahwa hutan di Muna banyak dihuni oleh makhluk ghaib yang berpotensi mengganggu kehidupan masyarakat. Maka secara intensif masyarakat melakukan hubungan komunikasi dengan melalui upacara yang tradisional yang dimana harus dilakukan sebelum bercocok tanam. Dengan maksud mendapatkan keselamatan dalam kegiatan perladangan terhindar dari marabahaya serta hasil panen yang melimpah. Ritual dilakukan karena adanya pantangan dan larangan yang apabila jika tidak dipatuhi akan menimbulkan dampak negatif. (2) Ritual-Ritual yang dilakukan dalam Tradisi Pertanian (Galu) pada Masyarakat Desa Bone Tondo ritual pembukaan lahan kawasan hutan baru yaitu desolo. Ritual kaago-ago yang dilakukan saat lahan sudah bersih dan siap untuk ditanamkan, ritual dilakukan untuk memindahkan makhluk ghaib, permohonan dan sebagai rasa syukur. Ritual kasambuno wite (deghoti wite) dan ritual kafematai, (3) Proses pelaksanaan Ritual dalam Tradisi Pertanian (Galu) pada Masyarakat Desa Bone Tondo yaitu semua proses ritual dilakukan pada hari baik yang dipimpin oleh dukun (parika), menyiapkan alat dan bahan (sesajian) yang dibutuhkan tiap-tiap upacara ritual yang akan dilaksanakan. (4) Perubahan yang terjadi saat ini dalam proses pelaksanaan Ritual dalam Tradisi Pertanian (Galu) pada masyarakat Desa Bone Tondo, dapat dilihat pada ritual kaago-ago, dimana saat ini sabagian ritual tersebut tidak lagi dijalankan. Perubahan-perubahan lain adalah terkait dengan konsistensi ritual yang sebagian masih ada yang melakukan secara utuh namun ada juga yang hanya menjalankan 2 atau 3 ritual saja. Kata Kunci: latarbelakang, jenis, proses dan perubahan, galu ABSTRACT: The main objective in this study is to find out the background of the implementation of Ritual activities in the Agricultural Tradition (Galu) of the Bone Tondo Village Community, Bone District of Muna District, describing the rituals performed in the implementation of ritual activities in the Agricultural Tradition (Galu) of the Village Community Bone Tondo, Bone District, Muna Regency, describes the process of ritual activities in the Agricultural Tradition of the Bone Tondo Village Community, Bone District Muna District and describes the changes that occur currently in the Ritual process in the Agricultural Tradition (Galu) of the Bone Tondo Village Community, Bone District, Muna Regency. The method used in this study is the historical method according to Helius Sjamsuddin which consists of: (1) Heuristics (collection of sources), (2) Criticism of sources (verification), (3) Historiography (history writing). The results of the study show that: (1 ) The background of ritual implementation in the agricultural tradition of the Bone Tondo Village community is in farming (degalu). Bone Tondo Village community has the belief that the forests in Muna are inhabited by unseen creatures that have the potential to disrupt people's lives. So the community intensively communicates through traditional ceremonies which must be carried out before planting. With the intention of obtaining safety in farming activities to avoid danger and abundant harvests. The ritual is carried out because of restrictions and prohibitions which if not obeyed will cause a negative impact. (2) Rituals carried out in the Agricultural Tradition (Galu) of the Bone Tondo Village Community in the ritual of opening a new forest area, namely desolo. Kaago-ago rituals are carried out when the land is clean and ready to be planted, rituals are performed to remove supernatural beings, requests and as gratitude. Kasambuno wite rituals (deghoti wite) and kafematai rituals, (3) The process of implementing Rituals in the Agricultural Tradition (Galu) of the Bone Tondo Village Community, namely all ritual processes carried out on a good day led by a shaman (parika), preparing tools and materials (offerings) ) required each ritual ceremony that will be carried out. (4) Changes that occur at this time in the process of carrying out the Ritual in the Agricultural Tradition (Galu) of the Bone Tondo Village community, can be seen in the kaago-ago ritual, where at present the ritual portion is no longer carried out. Other changes are related to the consistency of the ritual, some of which still do the whole, but there are also those who only carry out 2 or 3 rituals. Keywords: Background, type, process and change, galu


Author(s):  
Hannah L. Walker

Springing from decades of abuse by law enforcement and an excessive criminal justice system, members of over-policed communities lead the current movement for civil rights in the United States. Activated by injustice, individuals protested police brutality in Ferguson, campaigned to end stop-and-frisk in New York City, and advocated for restorative justice in Washington, D.C. Yet, scholars focused on the negative impact of punitive policy on material resources, and trust in government did not predict these pockets of resistance, arguing instead that marginalizing and demeaning policy teaches individuals to acquiesce and withdraw. Mobilized by Injustice excavates conditions under which, despite otherwise negative outcomes, negative criminal justice experiences catalyze political action. This book argues that when understood as resulting from a system that targets people based on race, class, or other group identifiers, contact can politically mobilize. Negative experiences with democratic institutions predicated on equality under the law, when connected to a larger, group-based struggle, can provoke action from anger. Evidence from several surveys and in-depth interviews reveals that mobilization as result of negative criminal justice experiences is broad, crosses racial boundaries, and extends to the loved ones of custodial citizens. When over half of Blacks and Latinos and a plurality of Whites know someone with personal contact, the mobilizing effect of a sense of injustice promises to have important consequences for American politics.


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