scholarly journals Global Seroprevalence of West Nile Virus in Horses of Morocco

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-555
Author(s):  
Ghizlane Hanafi Houoiten ◽  
Ikhlass El Berbri ◽  
Wissal Mahir ◽  
Kaoutar Aalilouch ◽  
Badaoui Bouabid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Mild Fever

West Nile Fever (WNF) is a viral emerging mosquito-borne disease causing mortality and morbidity with varying severity (from mild fever to severe neuroinvasive disease) among human and animal populations in many parts of the world. The current study aimed to confirm the virus circulation and assess the disease seroprevalence in horses of Morocco. A sample of 1171 healthy non-vaccinated (against-WNF) horses, taken from 11 (out of 12) regions of the country during July-December 2016, was primarily tested using competitive ELISA assay (cELISA). All cELISA-reactive positive and doubtful sera (n= 269) were further tested by virus neutralization test (VNT). The results of cELISA test revealed an overall WNF seroprevalence in 21.8% (255/1171) of sampled horses. This rate decreased to 18.8% (220/1171) after the confirmation of VNT. The WNF seroprevalence in the current study varied significantly by age, gender, and breed of the tested horses. Indeed, the higher seropositivity rates were found in the oldest (27.7%), female (22.0%), and saddle (32.1%) horses. However, the origin of animals did not show any significant effect on the West Nile virus infection. The obtained results of the present study, therefore, provided serological and epidemiological evidence of the endemicity of the WNV in horse populations of Morocco.

scholarly journals Human cases of West Nile Virus Infection in north-eastern Italy, 15 June to 15 November 2010

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (33) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Barzon ◽  
M Pacenti ◽  
R Cusinato ◽  
M Cattai ◽  
E Franchin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
Antibody Prevalence ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
West Nile ◽  
The Third ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
North Eastern

In 2010, for the third consecutive year, human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) infection, including three confirmed cases of neuroinvasive disease and three confirmed cases of West Nile fever, were identified in north-eastern Italy. While in 2008 and 2009 all human cases of WNV disease were recorded in the south of the Veneto region, cases of WNV disease in 2010 additionally occurred in two relatively small northern areas of Veneto, located outside those with WNV circulation in the previous years. WNV IgG antibody prevalence in blood donors resident in Veneto was estimated as ranging from 3.2 per 1,000 in areas not affected by cases of WNV disease to 33.3 per 1,000 in a highly affected area of the Rovigo province. No further autochthonous human cases of WNV disease were notified in Italy in 2010. The recurrence of human cases of WNV infection for the third consecutive year strongly suggests WNV has become endemic in north-eastern Italy.

scholarly journals Autochthonous West Nile virus infection outbreak in humans, Leipzig, Germany, August to September 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (46) ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Pietsch ◽  
Dominik Michalski ◽  
Johannes Münch ◽  
Sirak Petros ◽  
Sandra Bergs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Summer Heat ◽  
Lineage 2 ◽  
Seasonal Circulation

Following a distinct summer heat wave, nine autochthonous cases of West Nile fever and West Nile neuroinvasive disease, including one fatality, were observed in Leipzig, Germany, in August and September 2020. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated close relationships in viruses from humans, animals and mosquitos in eastern Germany, obtained during the preceding 2 years. The described large cluster of autochthonous West Nile virus infections in Germany indicates endemic seasonal circulation of lineage 2 viruses in the area.

scholarly journals Increase in human West Nile and Usutu virus infections, Austria, 2018

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (43) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan W. Aberle ◽  
Jolanta Kolodziejek ◽  
Christof Jungbauer ◽  
Karin Stiasny ◽  
Judith H. Aberle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Usutu Virus ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Human West Nile Virus ◽  
Imported Cases

Between 28 June and 17 September 2018, 27 cases of human West Nile virus infections were recorded in Austria; four cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease, 11 cases of West Nile fever, six infections detected by blood donation screening and six imported cases. In addition, 18 cases of human Usutu virus infections (all blood donors) were recorded. This is the highest number of annual infections recorded in Austria since the introduction of both viruses.

Estimated cumulative incidence of West Nile virus infection in US adults, 1999–2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. PETERSEN ◽  
P. J. CARSON ◽  
B. J. BIGGERSTAFF ◽  
B. CUSTER ◽  
S. M. BORCHARDT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Age And Sex

SUMMARYWest Nile virus (WNV) was first recognized in the USA in 1999. We estimated the cumulative incidence of WNV infection in the USA from 1999 to 2010 using recently derived age- and sex-stratified ratios of infections to WNV neuroinvasive disease (WNND) and the number of WNND cases reported to national surveillance. We estimate that over 3 million persons have been infected with WNV in the USA, with the highest incidence rates in the central plains states. These 3 million infections would have resulted in about 780 000 illnesses. A substantial number of WNV infections and illnesses have occurred during the virus' first decade in the USA.

scholarly journals West Nile Virus in Slovenia

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 720
Author(s):  
Nataša Knap ◽  
Miša Korva ◽  
Vladimir Ivović ◽  
Katja Kalan ◽  
Mateja Jelovšek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Urine Sample ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile ◽  
The North ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
First Case ◽  
Dead End

West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes. Birds are the reservoir for the virus; humans, horses and other mammals are dead-end hosts. Infections caused by WNV in humans can vary from asymptomatic infections to West Nile fever (WNF) or West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND). In 1995, a serosurvey was performed in Slovenia on forest workers, and WNV specific IgG antibodies were confirmed in 6.8% of the screened samples, indicating that WNV is circulating in Slovenia. No human disease cases were detected in Slovenia until 2013, when the first case of WNV infection was confirmed in a retrospective study in a 79-year old man with meningitis. In 2018, three patients with WNND were confirmed by laboratory tests, with detection of IgM antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of the patients. In one of the patients, WNV RNA was detected in the urine sample. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, a mosquito study was performed in Slovenia. Mosquitoes were sampled on 14 control locations and 35 additional locations in 2019. No WNV was detected in mosquitoes in 2017 and 2019, but we confirmed the virus in a pool of Culex sp. mosquitoes in 2018. The virus was successfully isolated, and complete genome sequence was acquired. The whole genome of the WNV was also sequenced from the patient’s urine sample. The whole genome sequences of the WNV virus detected in Slovenian patient and mosquito indicate the virus most likely spread from the north, because of the geographic proximity and because the sequences cluster with the Austrian and Hungarian sequences. A sentinel study was performed on dog sera samples, and we were able to confirm IgG antibodies in 1.8% and 4.3% of the samples in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Though Slovenia is not a highly endemic country for WNV, we have established that the virus circulates in Slovenia.

Detection of West Nile virus genome and specific antibodies in Iranian encephalitis patients

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (8) ◽  
pp. 1525-1529 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. CHINIKAR ◽  
A. JAVADI ◽  
B. ATAEI ◽  
H. SHAKERI ◽  
M. MORADI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
History Of

SUMMARYWest Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus which circulates in birds, horses and humans. An estimated 80% of WNV infections are asymptomatic. Fewer than 1% of infected persons develop neuroinvasive disease, which typically presents as encephalitis, meningitis, or acute flaccid paralysis. This study was conducted from January 2008 to June 2009 in Isfahan, Iran. Patients attending the emergency department with fever and loss of consciousness were consecutively included. Cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) were initially analysed through bacteriology and biochemistry examinations, resulting in those with evidence of meningitis being excluded. Patients' CSF and serum were diagnosed by serological and molecular assays. A total of 632 patients with fever and loss of consciousness were tested by CSF analyses. Samples of the remaining patients (39·4%) were referred for WNV investigation. Three (1·2%) of the patients were positive for both serum and CSF by RT–PCR, and six (2·4%) were positive only for IgG antibodies. History of insect bite, and blood transfusion and transplantation were risk factors for being positive by RT–PCR (P=0·048) and being IgG positive (P=0·024), respectively. The results of this study showed that the prevalence of West Nile fever is low in patients with encephalitis.

West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease With Atypical CSF Findings: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
pp. 194187442199537
Author(s):  
Devin Simon
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Cauda Equina ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Inpatient Rehabilitation ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Csf Analysis ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease

West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND) is a rare complication of West Nile Virus infection with the capability of mimicking other neurologic diseases. This infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis for patients presenting in the late summer months with altered mentation, fever, and focal neurologic deficits without an otherwise clear etiology. A 63-year-old male presented with acute onset fever, confusion, falls, ataxia, vertical nystagmus, and right leg weakness. Although magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and cervical spine were unremarkable, the lumbar spine revealed enhancement of ventral nerve roots in the cauda equina. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was significant for elevated protein without pleocytosis, which was more suggestive of albuminocytologic dissociation. Both serum and CSF IgM labs testing for West Nile Virus were positive. Despite a 5 day course of immunoglobulin therapy, his symptoms did not significantly improve. He eventually was transferred to inpatient rehabilitation for several days prior to returning home. This case highlights the variable presentations of acute West Nile Virus infection in the rare setting of neuroinvasive disease, which can make diagnosis difficult. The CSF analysis may also not always show results consistent with an acute viral infection, which can make determining the underlying etiology more challenging.

scholarly journals West Nile virus transmission with human cases in Italy, August - September 2009

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (40) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Rizzo ◽  
F Vescio ◽  
S Declich ◽  
A C Finarelli ◽  
P Macini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
West Nile Virus Transmission

In 2009, to date 16 human cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) have been reported in Italy, in three regions: Veneto, Emilia-Romagna and Lombardia. The number of cases is higher compared with last year when nine cases were identified (eight cases of WNND and one case of West Nile fever) and the geographical distribution indicates spread from east to west.

scholarly journals Up-to-date knowledge of West Nile virus infection

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 231-235
Author(s):  
Ivana Hrnjakovic-Cvjetkovic ◽  
Dejan Cvjetkovic ◽  
Dusan Petric ◽  
Vesna Milosevic ◽  
Vera Jerant-Patic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Adult Mosquito ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile

Virus West Nile virus is a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. Epidemiology West Nile virus is maintained in the cycle involving culicine mosquitoes and birds .Humans typically acquire West Nile infection through a bite from infected adult mosquito. Person to person transmission can occur through organ transplantation, blood and blood product transfusions, transplacentally and via brest milk. Human cases of West Nile infections were recorded in Africa, Israel, Russia, India, Pakistan. In Romania in 1996 West Nile fever occurred with hundreds of neurologic cases and 17 fatalities. First human cases in the United States were in New York City where 59 persons were infected and had fever, meningitis, encephalitis and flaccid paralysis. Clinical manifestation Most human cases are asymptomatic. The majority of symptomatic patients have a self limited febrile illness. Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, eye pain, headache, myalgias, artralgias, lymphadenopathy and rash are common complaints. Less than 1% of all infected persons develop more severe neurologic illness including meningitis, encefalitis and flaccid paralysis. Laboratory diagnosis Diagnosis of West Nile virus infection is based on serologic testing, isolation of virus from patient samples and detection of viral antigen or viral genom. ELISA test and indirect immunofluorescenceassay are used for detecting IgM and IgG antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment In vitro studies have suggested that ribavirin and interferon alfa -2b may be useful in the treatment of West Nile virus disease. Prevention The most important measures are mosquito control program and personal protective measures. .

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