scholarly journals CRYPTOCOCCUS UM PATÓGENO AMBIENTAL: ASPECTOS CLÍNICOS E SUA ASSOCIAÇÃO COM O DESFLORESTAMENTO NO ESTADO DO PARÁ

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosendo Souza Barata ◽  
Antonio Jorge Ataíde Souza
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii

RESUMO A infecção causada pela levedura do complexo Cryptococcus gattii/ Cryptococcus neoformans apresenta-se de forma insidiosa na população mundial. A manifestação como doença reemergente em populações vulneráveis teve aumento significativo dos casos nos últimos quatro anos no estado do Pará. Esta pesquisa objetiva analisar as relações entre o perfil clínico e o desmatamento das áreas onde ocorrem os casos de meningite criptocócica na região paraense nos anos de 2014 a 2018. Estudo descritivo, transversal e ecológico correlacionando fatores clínicos da criptococose através de pesquisa documental em prontuários no Hospital Universitário “João de Barros Barreto” e sua distribuição espacial no estado do Pará. O perfil predominante foi à exposição ao agente por atividades agrícolas, aves e animais silvestres (28,7%), como sinal os ligados a síndrome meníngea (45,2%), cefaléia como sintoma (81,7%), imunossupressão por HIV e associações (64,3%) como antecedentes mórbidos e taxa de óbito total de 40%. A análise espacial demonstrou a presença acentuada de casos em áreas desmatadas no território paraense. A elevada letalidade desta infecção é atribuída a fatores imunes do hospedeiro quando expostos a fontes ambientais do agente causador da doença e o curso da mesma deve ser levado em consideração em populações com alto risco de vulnerabilidade social. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: meningite criptocócica, Condições sociais, fatores sócio econômicos, Distribuição espacial

Phytochemical Constituents of Tulbaghia violacea Harv Extract and its Antifungal Potential Against Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-340
Author(s):  
Mitradev Pattoo ◽  
Vuyokazi Belewa ◽  
Benesh Munilal Somai
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Antifungal Therapy ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Antifungal Activities ◽  
Antifungal Potential

Background:In both the developed and developing world, the mortality rates of people afflicted with cryptococcosis are unacceptably high despite the availability of antifungal therapy. The disease is caused by Cryptococcus neoformans (predominantly in immunocompromised individuals) and by Cryptococcus gattii. Globally the disease is estimated to cause around 600,000 deaths annually. Antifungal therapy is available, but in the developing world, may be unaffordable to many people, there is an increasing threat of resistance to the available drugs and our repertoire of antifungal drugs is very limited. Consequently, more research has been focusing on the use of medicinal plants as therapeutic agents. The originality of the current study is that although Tulbaghia violacea is a well-documented medicinal plant, the chemical composition of aqueous extracts and their antifungal potential against pathogenic yeasts are unknown. This is the first study that evaluates the chemical constituents of aqueous T. violacea root, leaf, rhizome and tuber extracts and their corresponding antifungal activities against C. neoformans and C. gattii.Objectives:The study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and antifungal potential of Tulbaghia violacea root, leaf, rhizome and tuber extracts against Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii.Methods:Roots, leaves, rhizomes and tubers were extracted with water only for 48 h at room temperature with continuous shaking. Extracts were filter sterilized, freeze-dried and, chemically analyzed for saponin, flavonol, phenolic and tannin content. Chemical constituents of each extract were also identified by GC-MS analysis. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of suitably diluted extracts of each plant part were also performed against C. neoformans and C. gattii, yeast pathogens commonly associated with HIV/AIDS sufferers.Results:Phytochemical analysis showed different concentrations of saponins (between 1023 and 2896.73 µg/ml), phenolics (between 16.48 and 51.58 µg/ml) and tannins (between 122.30 and 543.07 µg/ml) present in the different extracts. No flavonols were detected. GC-MS analysis identified a complex mixture of phytochemicals composed predominantly of sulphide, pyran, furan and ketone containing compounds to be present in the different plant parts. All extracts were dominated by the presence of 4 H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl, a pyran known to have antifungal properties. Although the root, leaf, rhizome and tuber extracts exhibited antifungal activities against both fungi, the rhizome and tuber extract were found to possess the lowest MIC’s of 1.25 mg/ml and 2.5 mg/ml against Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii respectively.Conclusion:T. violacea extracts have a complex constituent of phytochemicals and each plant part exhibited a strong antifungal activity against C. neoformans and C. gattii. The rhizome and tuber extracts showed the highest antifungal activity against C. neoformans and C. gattii respectively. Thus, T. violacea aqueous extracts are strong candidates for further development into an antifungal chemotherapeutic agent.

scholarly journals Environmental Status of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 410
Author(s):  
Briggith-Nathalia Serna-Espinosa ◽  
Diomedes Guzmán-Sanabria ◽  
Maribel Forero-Castro ◽  
Patricia Escandón ◽  
Zilpa Adriana Sánchez-Quitian
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Environmental Niche ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Bird Droppings ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The genus Cryptococcus comprises more than 80 species, including C. neoformans and C. gattii, which are pathogenic to humans, mainly affecting the central nervous system. The two species differ in geographic distribution and environmental niche. C. neoformans has a worldwide distribution and is often isolated from bird droppings. On the contrary, C. gattii is reported in tropical and subtropical regions and is associated with Eucalyptus species. This review aims to describe the distribution of environmental isolates of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex and the Cryptococcus gattii species complex in Colombia. A systematic investigation was carried out using different databases, excluding studies of clinical isolates reported in the country. The complex of the species of C. gattii is recovered mainly from trees of the genus Eucalyptus spp., while the complex of the species of C. neoformans is recovered mainly from avian excrement, primarily Columba livia (pigeons) excrement. In addition, greater positivity was found at high levels of relative humidity. Likewise, an association was observed between the presence of the fungus in places with little insolation and cold or temperate temperatures compared to regions with high temperatures.

scholarly journals Cryptococcus Species Other Than Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii: Are They Clinically Significant?

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edison J Cano ◽  
Zachary A Yetmar ◽  
Raymund R Razonable
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Cryptococcus Species ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Cryptococcus Spp

Abstract Background Cryptococcus spp is a major cause of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients, primarily due to Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. There are occasional reports of other Cryptococcus species causing invasive human disease. However, their epidemiology and clinical significance are not fully defined. We sought to describe cases with cultures positive for Cryptococcus species other than C neoformans and C gattii. Methods A retrospective descriptive analysis of clinical and laboratory data of patients with cultures growing Cryptococcus species other than C neoformans and C gattii from November 2011 to February 2019 was performed. Three Mayo Clinic sites in Arizona, Florida, and Minnesota were included. Results From 176 cases with a culture growing Cryptococcus spp, 54 patients (30%) had a culture for Cryptococcus other than C neoformans and C gattii in the study time frame. The most common species were Cryptococcus magnus, Cryptococcus laurentii, and Cryptococcus ater. The organisms were isolated and identified in culture of bronchoalveolar lavage (11), skin (11), urine (7), oral (4), sinus (3), intraoperative soft tissue (3), sputum (2), synovial fluid (2), cerebrospinal fluid (2), and intravenous catheter (2), among others (7). Only 8 (15%) cases were considered to be potentially pathogenic, with 1 case of invasive disease. Antifungal treatment was fluconazole, itraconazole, and griseofulvin, for a mean systemic antifungal duration of 42 days. Conclusions This large series of patients with Cryptococcus spp other than C neoformans and C gattii suggests that these species rarely cause clinically significant infection in humans. Only 1 case of invasive disease was found.

scholarly journals Corrigendum: Impact of Resistance to Fluconazole on Virulence and Morphological Aspects of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii Isolates

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suélen A. Rossi ◽  
Nuria Trevijano-Contador ◽  
Liliana Scorzoni ◽  
Ana C. Mesa-Arango ◽  
Haroldo C. de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii ◽  
Morphological Aspects

scholarly journals Regional pattern of the molecular types of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Trilles ◽  
Márcia dos Santos Lazéra ◽  
Bodo Wanke ◽  
Raquel Vasconcelos Oliveira ◽  
Gláucia Gonçalves Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii ◽  
Regional Pattern

scholarly journals Estudo dos nichos ecológicos de leveduras patogênicas das espécies Cryptococcus neoformans e Cryptococcus gattii na cidade de Londrina, PR

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 793-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Artioli M Yamamura ◽  
Roberta Lemos Freire ◽  
Milton Hissashi Yamamura ◽  
Alessandra Taroda ◽  
Aline Felix
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from HIV patients, Guayaquil, Ecuador

Biomédica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 425
Author(s):  
Sunny Sánchez ◽  
Dolores Zambrano ◽  
Maylen García ◽  
César Bedoya ◽  
Carlos Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii ◽  
Hiv Patients

Introducción. La neurocriptococosis es una infección fúngica oportunista que representa un alto costo en vidas humanas y para la economía de los países. Sus agentes causales, las especies del complejo Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii, tienen una fase sexuada y otra asexuada, cuatro serotipos principales y siete variedades moleculares con diferencias clínico-epidemiológicas, fenotípicas y de sensibilidad a los antifúngicos.Objetivo. Caracterizar molecularmente los aislamientos clínicos de C. neoformans de Guayaquil, Ecuador.Materiales y métodos. Se determinó el tipo de apareamiento, el serotipo y la variedad molecular mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y análisis del polimorfismo de los fragmentos de restricción de 27 aislamientos levaduriformes previamente identificados como C. neoformans mediante métodos convencionales. Los aislamientos fueron recuperados del líquido cefalorraquídeo de pacientes con síndrome neurológico seropositivos para HIV, internados en el Hospital de Infectología “Dr. José Daniel Rodríguez Maridueña”, entre diciembre de 2013 y enero de 2015.Resultados. Se demostró el amplio predominio de C. neoformans del serotipo A, MATα y el genotipo VNI entre los aislamientos estudiados.Conclusiones. Estos datos son similares a los obtenidos en otros países y son los primeros de su tipo en Guayaquil, Ecuador, por lo cual constituyen un aporte importante al conocimiento de la criptococosis en esta ciudad.

scholarly journals Pneumonia e leptomeningite criptocócica em felino: relato de caso

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-22
Author(s):  
Débora Quioqueti de Souza Franco ◽  
Gabriela Bócoli Martins de Oliveira ◽  
Ana Carolina de Souza Luiz ◽  
Lucas Bessa ◽  
Poliana Silva Beker dos Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii

A criptococose é uma doença fúngica infecciosa, tegumentar e/ou sistêmica, crônica, de distribuição global, causada por levedura sa­próbia do gênero Cryptococcus que pode infectar humanos, animais silvestres e mamíferos domésticos, especialmente felinos domésticos. Duas espécies estão mais diretamente envolvidas com a doença: o Cryptococcus neoformans e o Cryptococus gattii, porém pacientes imunocomprometidos têm, como principal causador, o Cryptococcus neoformans. Todavia, O Cryptococcus gattii, além de afetar hospedei­ros imunossuprimidos, também pode causar a doença em indivíduos imunocompetentes. Este relato apresenta os achados clínicos e o diagnóstico firmado com o exame histopatológico de um caso de pneumonia e leptomeningite criptocócica em um felino, macho, sem raça definida, de cinco anos de idade, atendido no Hospital Veterinário “Dr. Vicente Borelli” – do Centro Universitário da Fundação de Ensino Octávio Bastos (Unifeob).

scholarly journals Darunavir inhibits Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex growth and increases the susceptibility of biofilms to antifungal drugs

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 830-837
Author(s):  
Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante ◽  
José Alexandre Telmos Silva ◽  
Géssica dos Santos Araújo ◽  
Vandbergue Santos Pereira ◽  
Wilker Jose Perez Gotay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Planktonic Cells ◽  
Species Activity ◽  
Checkerboard Assay

Introduction. Cryptococcus species are pathogens commonly associated with cases of meningoencephalitis in individuals who are immunosuppressed due to AIDS. Aim. The aim was to evaluate the effects of the antiretroviral darunavir alone or associated with fluconazole, 5-flucytosine and amphotericin B against planktonic cells and biofilms of Cryptococcus species. Methodology. Susceptibility testing of darunavir and the common antifungals against 12 members of the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex was evaluated by broth microdilution. The interaction between darunavir and antifungals against planktonic cells was tested by a checkerboard assay. The effects of darunavir against biofilm metabolic activity and biomass were evaluated by the XTT reduction assay and crystal violet staining, respectively. Results. Darunavir combined with amphotericin B showed a synergistic interaction against planktonic cells. No antagonistic interaction was observed between darunavir and the antifungals used. All Cryptococcus species strains were strong biofilm producers. Darunavir alone reduced biofilm metabolic activity and biomass when added during and after biofilm formation (P<0.05). The combination of darunavir with antifungals caused a significant reduction in biofilm metabolic activity and biomass when compared to darunavir alone (P<0.05). Conclusion. Darunavir presents antifungal activity against planktonic cells of Cryptococcus species and synergism with amphotericin B. In addition, darunavir led to reduced biofilm formation and showed activity against mature biofilms of Cryptococcus species. Activity of the antifungals against mature biofilms was enhanced in the presence of darunavir.

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