The story of nitrogen

For centuries, farmers have needed fertilizers rich in nitrogen to increase crop yields. This need led to one of the most unusual wars in history: a war over fossilized bird droppings. Twentieth century chemists solved the problem of mass-producing nitrogen fertilizer, but their solution required enormous amounts of energy. Twenty-first century chemists now face the challenge of producing nitrogen fertilizer without the need for energy provided by fossil fuels.

Screening of microorganisms which are able to accelerate the process of microbial transformation of bird droppings

The purpose of the research. Screening of collection strains of microorganisms with enzymatic properties to accelerate the processes of microbial biodegradation of bird droppings. Research methods. The proteolytic activity of the grown cultures was studied according to GOST 20264.2-88, the total microbial number in the chicken droppings (CFU/ml) was analyzed, and the ammonium nitrogen was determined. Research results. As a result of the experiments, it was found that the highest proteolytic activity was demonstrated by the strain Pseudomonas putida 90 biovar A (171), which amounted to 74.6 units/g. When analyzing the effect of the studied collection strains on the decomposition processes of droppings, it was revealed that the largest number of microbial cells in bird droppings was achieved using Pseudomonas putida 90 biovar A (171), which was 104 CFU/ml at the beginning of the researches, and was the maximum and amounted to 1011 CFU/ml by the 15th day. The content of ammonium nitrogen in droppings treated with this culture decreased from 340 mg/l from the beginning of the experiment to 174 (15th day) and 169 mg/l (20th day) and it was the best indicator. When selecting the dose and concentration of the strain-producer Pseudomonas putida 90 biovar A (171) under introduction to bird droppings, it was found that to accelerate the process of biodegradation of bird droppings, the optimal dose for applying the studied culture is 4.0 % of organic waste mass with preliminary dilution by 2 times with water. At the same time, the optimal time of droppings keeping and the studied culture is 15 days. Scientific novelty. It was established for the first time that the treatment of chicken manure with the collection strain Pseudomonas putida 90 biovar A (171) accelerates the process of its microbial transformation.

Development of a technology for producing organic fertilizers based on catalytic processes

The article is devoted to the development of a technology for obtaining organic fertilizers from poultry waste based on biocatalytic processes. Currently, many poultry farms have become sources of environmental pollution, thereby causing serious environmental problems and economic and social damage. The problem of reliable protection of the natural environment from pollution by bird droppings is currently relevant. In the area of operation of large poultry farms, air pollution by microorganisms, dust, foul-smelling organic compounds, which are decomposition products of organic waste, as well as nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon oxides, is possible. Bird droppings contain acids, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, heavy metals. The content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium changes dramatically depending on the quantity and quality of the feed. Humic substances isolated from brown coal have a sufficiently high sorption activity and are used as cheap sorbents for solving a number of environmental problems in industry. These studies are aimed at minimizing the main disadvantage of the anaerobic digestion process, the low reaction rate, which leads to the need to create large-volume bioreactors. On the basis of the research carried out, a technology has been developed for obtaining organic fertilizers from poultry waste by the method of anaerobic fermentation of chicken manure with humidity at a temperature of 27 °C - 50 °C with the addition of sodium humate. The resulting fertilizer is intended for use in agricultural production, horticulture, floriculture, forestry, municipalities, in household plots in order to increase the yield and quality of crop production. For the developed technology, an application has been submitted for obtaining a Patent for the invention of the Republic of Kazakhstan «Method for producing organic fertilizers» (priority No. 2021-22818, dated July 13, 2021). The invention allows to significantly reduce the time of fermentation, to enrich the product with organic and mineral products contained in sodium humate, to convert the salts of heavy metals into an insoluble state, to improve the environmental friendliness of the method.

Improving the performance of photovoltaic module during partial shading using ANN

<span lang="EN-US">Photovoltaic (PV) panels have drawback of having their peak power reduced when clouds or shade are present. Furthermore, it is only available while the sun shine. Nearby structures, plants, bird droppings, and other obstacles shade operating photovoltaic (PV) devices, effectively reducing the incident solar radiation produced by the modules. When these PV panels are exposed to partial shading, their power efficiency is reduced. A neural network with a kind of artificial neural network is used in the suggested hybrid method (ANN). The key focus of this article is to use environmental effects dependent on partial shading to get the maximum performance from a solar system. The suggested hybrid solution is tested in the MATLAB/Simulink working platform using partial shading test cases, and the efficiency is compared to other approaches. Additionally, the best options for the suggested procedure, current, voltage, and power are examined.</span>

MORPHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS QUAIL’S EGGS WHEN FEEDING ORGANIC CONCENTRATE

One of the main factors that ensure the growth of profitability of poultry farming is the partial replacement of grain crops with non-traditional feed with low cost, which, for example, can be considered processed dry bird droppings (SPP). The aim of the research was to study the effect of organic concentrate based on SPP on the morphological parameters of quail eggs. For the study, 5 experimental groups of quails were selected using the method of analog pairs. The birds of the control group received factory-made feed DC-52-100 %, the quails of the experimental groups (I, II, III and IV) were replaced by 10, 15, 20 and 25% by weight, respectively, with an organic protein concentrate based on SPP. In studies, it was found that the introduction of an organic concentrate based on SPP in the amount of 10, 15, 20, 25 % instead of a similar amount of mixed feed contributed to an increase in the relative weight of the yolk by 1,55; 4,51 (P≤ 0.05); 0,64 and 1,87 %, a decrease in the protein/yolk ratio by 2,07; 6,74 (P≤ 0.05); 0,52 and 3,13%, respectively, relative to similar indicators of eggs of the control group. The addition of organic concentrate based on SPP to the composition of mixed feeds contributed to the improvement of the morphological parameters of food eggs and the quality of the shell. The weight of eggs practically did not change when replacing 10,0% of the complete feed with a similar amount of organic concentrate, while the picture was ambiguous when increasing the dose of the test feed.

INVOLVEMENT OF SOME ALLERGENS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL ORIGIN IN ALLERGIC REACTIONS RELATED TO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

In India, the prevalence of allergic responses and bronchial asthma is on the rise, which is a major public health concern. Increased exposure to an allergen, a substance that causes a reaction, can cause allergy sensitization in genetically vulnerable people. Continued exposure to allergens can raise the risk of allergic diseases which can further progress into life threating respiratory diseases. Allergic reactions to a variety of indoor and outdoor allergens play a key role in severe breathing disorders such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There are distinctive kinds of allergens like animal proteins and animal dander, pollen, food, fungi, mould, Insects, Bird droppings and many others. The common allergens that cause respiratory difficulties have been identified after an honest effort. A modest retrospective analysis of 160 patients was done. Their medical history was gathered in order to determine whether or not they had been exposed to allergies in the past. All of the study participants were given a Skin prick test (SPT) with a variety of allergens, and their allergy status was evaluated based on the results. Most allergens, such as dust mites, pollen grains, and pigeon droppings, have been discovered to cause severe respiratory allergies, which can lead to life-threatening respiratory complications.

Research on the efficiency of soil melioration with modified organic fertilizer from pig manure

The most effective doses of the modified organic-mineral fertilizer (MOF), produced from non-contact pig manure in the conditions of the Rostov region for the purpose of soil reclamation, were determined. Experimental studies were carried out to determine the most effective dose of MOF based on non-contact pig manure. The dependence of the spring wheat yield on the use of a modified organic-mineral fertilizer based on liquid waste from pig farms fermented bird droppings and mineral fertilizers is determined. The equivalence of the effect of a modified organic-mineral fertilizer based on liquid waste from pig farms and fermented bird droppings, introduced in an equivalent dose, on plant biomass was established. When comparing the effects of different types of fertilizers, their toxicity was not established. The introduction of a modified organic-mineral fertilizer based on liquid waste from pig farms at a dose of 2 t / ha provided the highest biomass yield of 34-day-old plants of spring wheat of the “Zlata” variety, which reached 0.9 g/vessel and was 28.5% higher than the control value. A new organic mineral fertilizer with a pH of 8-10, with an organic content of up to 73% per dry weight, can be used for supporting the quality of liming and improving soil.

Community Empowerment Post-COVID-19 to Support Economic Resilience through Agricultural Innovations in Karangtalun Hamlet, Wukirsari, Imogiri, Bantul DIY

Community service in Karangtalun Hamlet is carried out by mentoring and increasing the potential of the Turtledove breeder "Sumber Rejo". The local Turtledovedove is believed to be a relic of the Mataram Palace. However, its potential has not been optimized. The availability of feed in the form of barley plants that grow wild has not been cultivated. Turtledovefish disease is difficult to control, the presence of bird droppings has not been used as fertilizer, the availability of water is very limited, and the existence of bitter plants has not been utilized. The method of implementing the activities is carried out through stages, namely, coordinating with the "Sumber Rejo" farmer and livestock group, Dusun Community Leaders, Wukirsari Village Head, Kapanewon Imogiri, Bantul Regional Government especially the Agriculture Service, Environment Service, Industry Service, followed by Focus Group Discussion (FGD), on methods of applying technology, starting from identifying needs, designing and manufacturing organic fertilizers, testing operations, operational assistance, and information technology. Community services that have been carried out are assisting "Sumber Rejo" breeders by providing GB1 profeed probiotic medicine for the immunity of Turtledove Turtledovedove, cultivating Jerwawut, and Sambiloto in parent houses, utilizing bird droppings as organic fertilizer and creating productive economic business embryos.

SELECTION OF THE RATIO OF MICROBIAL COMPONENTS TO ACCELERATE THE BIODEGRADATION OF BIRD DROPPINGS

The aim of presented studies was to select the optimal ratio of the proteolytic culture of Pseudomonas putida 90 biovar A (171) and a strain that has the properties of fixing atmospheric nitrogen ‒ Azotobacter chroococcum 31/8 R to accelerate the process of biodegradation of chicken droppings to indicators of the relevant regulatory documentation. In conducted studies, the following indicators were analyzed: content of ammonium nitrogen, total microbial number, ammonia nitrogen, index of bacteria of the escherichia coli group, index of enterococci and pathogenic microorganisms, eggs and larvae of helminths, and the hazard class of processed and untreated chicken droppings was determined by the calculation method. As a result of conducted physico-chemical and sanitary-biological analyses, it was found that a more optimal and stable result was revealed when processing chicken droppings with the studied cultures in a ratio of 1:1. This treatment of droppings with cultures contributed to a 15-day decrease in the level of ammonium nitrogen in the by-product from 278 mg/l to 97 mg/l, the content of ammonia in the environment from 84 mg/m3 to 13 mg/m3, index of bacteria of the escherichia coli group from 4 to 1 units, index of enterococci from 5 to 2 units, index of pathogenic microorganisms from 2 to 0 units, number of eggs and larvae of helminths from 8 to 0 copies, number of larvae of synanthropic flies from 2 to 0 copies at the same time increasing the total microbial number to a value of at least 1011 cells/g. The hazard class of chicken droppings treated with microbial research objects decreased from III to IV and met the requirements of GOST 31461-2012.