Identification of Early Tomato Fruit Ripening Loci by QTL-seq

QTL-seq has been successfully studied in identifying major QTLs, markers, and candidate genes associated with traits that are important for crop improvement. Tomato earliness is an economically important trait and is a major current research focus recently. This paper reports the identification of tomato early ripening fruit locus facilitated by QTL-seq using a novel next-generation sequencing technology. Two DNA pools of phenotypes of F2 offspring from crosses between the Bone ММ (early ripening fruit, P1) and 071-440 (late ripening fruit, P2) cultivars of (Solanum lycopersicum) were bulked for sequencing and alignment analysis. Sequencing results revealed 434 SNP markers on chromosome 11, a candidate QTL at position 52,048,208 bp (named er-fruit) and a candidate gene, Solyc11g071510.1.1. The “er-fruit” as confirmed by the traditional QTL method was related to the early fruit ripening trait in tomato. Additionally, BLAST analysis to known homologies for Solyc11g071510.1.1 gene encodes glycoside hydrolases (GHs). GHs are functionally associated with cell wall degradation, fruit softening and ripening. Thus, GHs may be important in fruit softening, stimulating early fruit ripening in tomato. Our results confirmed that QTL-seq is effective method to identify candidate QTL loci, candidate genes and candidate markers.

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Re-evaluation of the nor mutation and the role of the NAC-NOR transcription factor in tomato fruit ripening

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/eraa131 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (12) ◽

pp. 3560-3574 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ying Gao ◽

Wei Wei ◽

Zhongqi Fan ◽

Xiaodan Zhao ◽

Yiping Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruit Ripening ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Pectate Lyase ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Fruit Softening ◽

Wild Type ◽

Gain Of Function ◽

Carotenoid Accumulation ◽

Acid Protein ◽

Tomato Fruit Ripening

Abstract The tomato non-ripening (nor) mutant generates a truncated 186-amino-acid protein (NOR186) and has been demonstrated previously to be a gain-of-function mutant. Here, we provide more evidence to support this view and answer the open question of whether the NAC-NOR gene is important in fruit ripening. Overexpression of NAC-NOR in the nor mutant did not restore the full ripening phenotype. Further analysis showed that the truncated NOR186 protein is located in the nucleus and binds to but does not activate the promoters of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase2 (SlACS2), geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase2 (SlGgpps2), and pectate lyase (SlPL), which are involved in ethylene biosynthesis, carotenoid accumulation, and fruit softening, respectively. The activation of the promoters by the wild-type NOR protein can be inhibited by the mutant NOR186 protein. On the other hand, ethylene synthesis, carotenoid accumulation, and fruit softening were significantly inhibited in CR-NOR (CRISPR/Cas9-edited NAC-NOR) fruit compared with the wild-type, but much less severely affected than in the nor mutant, while they were accelerated in OE-NOR (overexpressed NAC-NOR) fruit. These data further indicated that nor is a gain-of-function mutation and NAC-NOR plays a significant role in ripening of wild-type fruit.

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Gibberellins Play a Role in Regulating Tomato Fruit Ripening

Plant and Cell Physiology ◽

10.1093/pcp/pcz069 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 60 (7) ◽

pp. 1619-1629 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hu Li ◽

Han Wu ◽

Qi Qi ◽

Huihui Li ◽

Zhifei Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruit Ripening ◽

Ethylene Production ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Gene Expressions ◽

Tomato Fruit Ripening ◽

Early Ripening ◽

Negative Role ◽

Regulator Genes ◽

Prohexadione Calcium

AbstractAlthough exogenous applications of gibberellins (GAs) delay tomato ripening, the regulatory mechanisms of GAs in the process have never been well recognized. Here, we report that the concentration of endogenous GAs is declined before the increase of ethylene production in mature-green to breaker stage fruits. We further demonstrate that reductions in GA levels via overexpression of a GA catabolism gene SlGA2ox1 specifically in fruit tissues lead to early ripening. Consistently, we have also observed that application of a GA biosynthetic inhibitor, prohexadione-calcium, at the mature-green stage accelerates fruit ripening, while exogenous GA3 application delays the process. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ethylene biosynthetic gene expressions and ethylene production are activated prematurely in GA-deficient fruits but delayed/reduced in exogenous GA3-treated WT fruits. We also show that the GA deficiency-mediated activation of ethylene biosynthesis is due to the activation of the ripening regulator genes RIN, NOR and CNR. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that GAs play a negative role in tomato fruit ripening.

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THE IMPORTANCE OF α AND β-GALACTOSIDASE IN TOMATO FRUIT RIPENING

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.2.191d ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 191d-191

Author(s):

David A. Starrett ◽

Kenneth C. Gross

Keyword(s):

Molecular Biology ◽

Fruit Ripening ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Gel Filtration ◽

Plant Molecular Biology ◽

Cdna Clones ◽

Fruit Softening ◽

Galactosidase Activity ◽

Tomato Fruit Ripening

Antisense technology has shown that neither polygalacturonase nor pectin methylesterase alone are responsible for tomato fruit softening, leading to the likelihood that other enzymes or factors are important. Our laboratory recently found that α and β-galactosidase from avocado fruit solubilized tomato fruit pectin in vitro. Previously, Pressey (Plant Physiol. 1983,71:132) found that the activity of one of three α-galactosidase isozymes from tomato fruit increased during ripening and was capable of degrading cell wall galactan, suggesting a role for the enzyme in fruit softening. Increased β-galactosidase activity was observed in a number of other fruit during ripening. In the present study, NaCl extraction of tomato pericarp yielded relatively high levels of cc- and β-galactosidase activity. At least two isozymes of each were resolved during Mono-Q HPLC α-Galactosidase was further purified by additional Mono Q and Superose 12 gel filtration HPLC. Gel filtration and SDS-PAGE yielded an apparent molecular weight of 44 kD. The partially pure α-galactosidase had a specific activity of 294 μmol product/min per mg protein, a Km of 317 μm, a pl of 5.0, and a pH optimum of 5.5. Activity was inhibited 67% by α-d-galactose. Preliminary results show that β-galactosidase can also be purified by the same techniques. Following further purification, the isozymes will be sequenced and cloned. A second approach being used in an attempt to identify cDNA clones for the α- and β-galactosidase genes from tomato fruit involves using heterologous cDNA clones from guar (Overbeeke et al., 1989; Plant Molecular Biology 13:541-550) and carnation (Raghothama et al., 1991; Plant Molecular Biology 17:61-71), respectively, to screen a ripening tomato fruit cDNA library. Basic molecularbiological techniques will be used to elucidate the role of these enzymes in tomato fruit ripening.

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Changes in Photosynthetic Capacity and Photosynthetic Protein Pattern during Tomato Fruit Ripening

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY ◽

10.1104/pp.84.3.911 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 84 (3) ◽

pp. 911-917 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Birgit Piechulla ◽

Richard E. Glick ◽

Hubert Bahl ◽

Anastasios Melis ◽

Wilhelm Gruissem

Keyword(s):

Fruit Ripening ◽

Photosynthetic Capacity ◽

Protein Pattern ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Tomato Fruit Ripening

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Bio-speckle activity applied to the assessment of tomato fruit ripening

Biosystems Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2009.02.001 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 103 (1) ◽

pp. 116-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

G.G. Romero ◽

C.C. Martinez ◽

E.E. Alanís ◽

G.A. Salazar ◽

V.G. Broglia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruit Ripening ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Tomato Fruit Ripening

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Infection Strategies Deployed by Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium acuminatum, and Rhizopus stolonifer as a Function of Tomato Fruit Ripening Stage

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2019.00223 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Stefan Petrasch ◽

Christian J. Silva ◽

Saskia D. Mesquida-Pesci ◽

Karina Gallegos ◽

Casper van den Abeele ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Fruit Ripening ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽

Ripening Stage ◽

Fusarium Acuminatum ◽

Tomato Fruit Ripening

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Ethylene Receptors, CTRs and EIN2 Target Protein Identification and Quantification Through Parallel Reaction Monitoring During Tomato Fruit Ripening

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2018.01626 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Clara I. Mata ◽

Bertrand Fabre ◽

Harriet T. Parsons ◽

Maarten L. A. T. M. Hertog ◽

Geert Van Raemdonck ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruit Ripening ◽

Protein Identification ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Target Protein ◽

Reaction Monitoring ◽

Parallel Reaction ◽

Ethylene Receptors ◽

Parallel Reaction Monitoring ◽

Tomato Fruit Ripening ◽

Identification And Quantification

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Potato Virus X-induced LeHB-1 Silencing Delays Tomato Fruit Ripening

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs04497-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 143 (6) ◽

pp. 454-461 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiaohong Wang ◽

Bishun Ye ◽

Xiangpeng Kang ◽

Ting Zhou ◽

Tongfei Lai

Keyword(s):

Potato Virus ◽

Fruit Ripening ◽

Ph Value ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Potato Virus X ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Genetic Trait ◽

Tomato Fruit Ripening ◽

Homeobox Protein ◽

Complex Genetic Trait

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening is a complex genetic trait correlating with notable fruit phenotypic, physiologic, and biochemical changes. Transcription factors (TFs) play crucial roles during this process. LeHB-1, an HD-zip homeobox protein, is a ripening-related TF and acts as an important regulator of fruit ripening. However, the detailed biochemical and molecular basis of LeHB-1 on tomato fruit ripening is unclear. In the current study, the biologic functions of LeHB-1 were determined by a potato virus X (PVX)-mediated gene-silencing approach. The results indicate that PVX-induced LeHB-1 silencing in tomato could decrease pigment accumulation and delay fruit ripening. Compared with controls, nonripening flesh retains a greater pH value and a lesser anthocyanin content. By evaluating expression levels of genes related to tomato fruit ripening, we inferred that LeHB-1 located at the downstream of LeMADS-RIN-mediated regulatory network. In addition, LeHB-1 silencing mainly disturbed phytoene desaturation and isomerization, and led to a decrease in trans-lycopene accumulation, but did not influence flavonoid biosynthesis directly in tomato fruit. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for illustrating the biologic functions of LeHB-1 in tomato fruit ripening and quality.

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