scholarly journals Antifungal Studies of Selected Essential Oils and a Commercial Formulation against Botrytis Cinerea

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oyeboade Adebayo ◽  
Thao Dang ◽  
André Bélanger ◽  
Shahrokh Khanizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Contact Phase ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Plant Disease Control ◽  
Dose Dependent

<p>Growing concerns about food safety and environmental protection have created a need for new and safe plant disease control strategies. The aim of this study was to find an alternative to synthetic fungicides currently used in the control of the devastating fungal pathogen <em>Botrytis cinerea</em> Pers., the causal agent of grey mould disease of strawberry (<em>Fragariaananassa </em>Duch). The antifungal activity of the essential oils of <em>Origanumvulgare</em> L., <em>Monardadidyma</em> L. and of a commercial formulation of thyme oil (Gloves Off®) was investigated against <em>B. cinerea</em> and compared with controls. Contact phase effects of different concentrations of the essential oils and commercial formulation were found to inhibit the growth of <em>B. cinerea</em> in a dose dependent manner. Complete growth inhibition of the pathogen was recorded at 200 µg/ml of ‘Gloves Off®’. The mycelial growth of the pathogen was significantly reduced at the highest concentration of the essential oils of <em>O. vulgare</em><em> </em>and<em> M.</em><em> didyma</em> tested, which was 51.2 µg/ml. Spore germination and germ tube elongation were also inhibited by the essential oils and Gloves Off®. Light microscopic observations revealed that the essential oils caused morphological degenerations, such as cytoplasmic coagulation, hyphal shrivelling and protoplast leakage of the fungal hyphae. The essential oils of <em>O.</em><em> vulgare</em> L. and <em>M.</em><em> didyma</em> L. are promising, antifungal agents against <em>B. cinerea</em>similar to the commercial formulation ‘Gloves Off®’.</p>

scholarly journals Antinociceptive and Anti-edematous Activities of the Essential Oils of Two Balkan EndemicLaserpitium Species

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1400900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Višnja Popović ◽  
Silvana Petrović ◽  
Maja Tomić ◽  
Radica Stepanović-Petrović ◽  
Ana Micov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Antinociceptive Effect ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Oral Gavage ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Pressure Test ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Dose Dependent

In this paper antinociceptive and anti-edematous effects are examined of the essential oils of the underground parts of two Balkan endemic Laserpitium species (Apiaceae), L. zernyi and L. ochridanum. Furthermore, the essential oil of the underground parts of L. ochridanum is chemically characterised by GC and GC-MS. Antinociceptive and anti-edematous effects were measured in a rat model of localized inflammation, induced by carrageenan, using apparatus for the modified paw-pressure test, and plethysmometer, respectively. The effects of both Laserpitium essential oils were measured after oral gavage administration to male Wistar rats in doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg. The main constituents of L. ochridanum essential oil were: α-pinene (33.2%), α-bisabolol (10.3%) and chamazulene (14.9%). The essential oil of L. zernyi was previously shown to be rich in α-pinene (31.6%) and α-bisabolol (30.9%). Both examined essential oils produced a significant dose-dependent antinociceptive effect. The corresponding ED50±SEM in producing antinociception were 45.9±4.9 mg/kg and 42.4±2.1 mg/kg for L. zernyi and L. ochridanum oil, respectively. Both essential oils also significantly reduced paw edema in a dose-dependent manner. The estimated ED50±SEM values for the anti-edematous effect were 36.3±4.5 mg/kg for L. zernyi oil and 45.1±11.3 mg/kg for L. ochridanum oil. These results suggest that the essential oils of both investigated Laserpitium species may be effective against pain and edema present in various inflammatory conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of Ethanol Vapor Treatment on the Growth of Alternaria alternata and Botrytis cinerea and Defense-Related Enzymes of Fungi-Inoculated Blueberry During Storage

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaru Ji ◽  
Wenzhong Hu ◽  
Jia Liao ◽  
Zhilong Xiu ◽  
Aili Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Ethanol Vapor ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Structure And Ultrastructure ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Vapor Treatment

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ethanol vapor on the inhibition of Alternaria alternata and Botrytis cinerea in postharvest blueberry and the induction of defense-related enzymes (DREs) activities in fungi-inoculated blueberries stored at 0±0.5°C for 16days. Results indicated that ethanol vapor markedly inhibited the mycelial growth of A. alternata and B. cinerea in a dose-dependent manner, with inhibition rates of 9.1% (250μlL−1), 36.4% (500μlL−1), and 5.5% (1,000μlL−1) on A. alternata and 14.2% (250μlL−1), 44.7% (500μlL−1), and 76.6% (1,000μlL−1) on B. cinerea, respectively. Meanwhile, ethanol vapor also enhanced the activities of DREs in fungi-inoculated blueberries, including β-1,3-glucanase (GLU), chitinase (CHI), phenylalnine ammonialyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). In particular, 500μlL−1 ethanol vapor increased the activities of DREs by 84.7% (GLU), 88.0% (CHI), 37.9% (PAL), 85.5% (POD), and 247.0% (PPO) in A. alternata-inoculated blueberries and 103.8% (GLU), 271.1% (CHI), 41.1% (PAL), 148.3% (POD), and 74.4% (PPO) in B. cinerea-inoculated blueberries, respectively. But, the activity of PPO was decreased by 55.2 and 31.9% in 500μlL−1 ethanol-treated blueberries inoculated with A. alternata and B. cinerea, respectively, after 8days of storage. Moreover, the surface structure and ultrastructure of 500μlL−1 ethanol-treated blueberry fruit cells were more integrated than those of other treatments. The findings of the present study suggest that ethanol could be used as an activator of defense responses in blueberry against Alternaria and Botrytis rots, by activating DREs, having practical application value in the preservation of postharvest fruit and vegetables.

scholarly journals RLP23 is required for Arabidopsis immunity against the grey mould pathogen Botrytis cinerea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Ono ◽  
Kazuyuki Mise ◽  
Yoshitaka Takano
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Early Infection ◽  
Alternaria Brassicicola ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Actual Contribution ◽  
Molecular Patterns

AbstractNecrosis- and ethylene-inducing-like proteins (NLPs) are secreted by fungi, oomycetes and bacteria. Conserved nlp peptides derived from NLPs are recognized as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), leading to PAMP-triggered immune responses. RLP23 is the receptor of the nlp peptides in Arabidopsis thaliana; however, its actual contribution to plant immunity is unclear. Here, we report that RLP23 is required for Arabidopsis immunity against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Arabidopsis rlp23 mutants exhibited enhanced susceptibility to B. cinerea compared with the wild-type plants. Notably, microscopic observation of the B. cinerea infection behaviour indicated the involvement of RLP23 in pre-invasive resistance to the pathogen. B. cinerea carried two NLP genes, BcNEP1 and BcNEP2; BcNEP1 was expressed preferentially before/during invasion into Arabidopsis, whereas BcNEP2 was expressed at the late phase of infection. Importantly, the nlp peptides derived from both BcNEP1 and BcNEP2 induced the production of reactive oxygen species in an RLP23-dependent manner. In contrast, other necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola did not express the NLP gene in the early infection phase and exhibited no enhanced virulence in the rlp23 mutants. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that RLP23 contributes to Arabidopsis pre-invasive resistance to B. cinerea via NLP recognition at the early infection phase.

scholarly journals Brine Shrimp Toxicity of Essential Oils from Musa spp.

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
Mohd Alhafiizh Zailani ◽  
Abdul Razzak Fikri Sharkawi
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Musa Acuminata ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Musa Spp ◽  
Good Marker ◽  
Brine Shrimp Toxicity ◽  
Dose Dependent

Essential oils of seven Musa spp.’s fruits namely, Musa acuminata colla ‘gros michel’ (PE), Musa acuminata colla ‘lakatan’ (PB), Musa acuminata colla ‘sucrier’ (PM), Musa acuminata × balbisiana ‘horn plantain’ (PT), Musa acuminata × balbisiana colla ‘saba’ (PN), Musa acuminata colla 'inarnibal' (PO) and Musa acuminata colla ‘red’ (PJ) were extracted by hydrodistillation method using Clevenger apparatus. The essential oils were analysed using GC-FID and identified using Kovat Indeces compared with published information. PE gave the highest yields of oils compared to the other species with yield of 0.43% and 0.28% for its peels and flesh, respectively. The most abundant groups present in most of the essential oils are ester and alcohol groups. The brine shrimp toxicity of PT, PM, PN and PO essential oils were tested and showed toxicity against brine shrimp in dose dependent manner. It can be concluded that the essential oils showed some biological activities which may be a potent medicine in curing tumor. This study implies that the presence of ester and alcohol groups are a good marker for the biological activities of plants. Further studies should focus on the potential of the essential oils of Musa spp. as an antitumor medicine.

scholarly journals Antifungal Activity of Plant Essential Oils Against Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium italicum and Penicillium digitatum

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew VITORATOS ◽  
Dimitrios BILALIS ◽  
Anestis KARKANIS ◽  
Aspasia EFTHIMIADOU
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Penicillium Italicum ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Plant Essential Oils

Plant essential oils have the potential to replace the synthetic fungicides in the management of postharvest diseases of fruit and vegetables.The aim of this study was to access the in vitro and in vivo activity of essential oil obtained from oregano (Origanum vulgare L. ssp. hirtum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and lemon (Citrus limon L.) plants, against some important postharvest pathogens (Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium italicum and P. digitatum). In vitro experiments indicated that P. italicum did not show any mycelium growth in presence of thyme essential oils at concentration of 0.13 μl/ml. Moreover, B. cinerea did not show any mycelium growth in presence of lemon and oregano essential oils at concentration of 17 μl/ml and 0.02 μl/ml, respectively. Moreover, the essential oils from three species were effective in reducing the spore germination. The in vivo experiments confirmed the strong efficacy shown in vitro by essential oils. These oregano and lemon oils were very effective in controlling disease severity of infected fruit by B. cinera in tomatoes, strawberries and cucumbers. In tomatoes, grey mould due to B. cinerea was completed inhibited by oregano essential oils at 0.30 μl/ml. Moreover, lemon essential oils induced a significant reduction of grey mould disease severity. In strawberries, grey mould was completed inhibited by lemon essential oils at 0.05 μl/ml. In addition, lemon essential oils at 0.05 μl/ml showed 39% reduction of infected cucumber fruits by B. cinerea. These results indicate that essential oils after suitable formulation could be used for the control of postharvest diseases caused by Botrytis and Penicillium pathogens.

Variable inhibitory activities of essential oils of three Monarda species on the growth of Botrytis cinerea

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 987-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oyeboade Adebayo ◽  
André Bélanger ◽  
Shahrokh Khanizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Contact Phase ◽  
Volatile Phase ◽  
Inhibitory Activities ◽  
Monarda Didyma

Adebayo, O., Bélanger, A. and Khanizadeh, S. 2013. Variable inhibitory activities of essential oils of three Monarda species on the growth of Botrytis cinerea . Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 987–995. The antifungal effects of the essential oils of three Monarda species (Monarda didyma L., M. fistulosa L., and M. didyma var. 80-1A L.) were evaluated against Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr. The inhibitory effects of the volatile and contact phases of the essential oils were determined on hyphae and spores. The effects of the essential oils on the morphological structures of hyphae were studied under light microscopy. All the three tested essential oils types had inhibitory effects on both mycelia and spores as follows, in descending order of effectiveness: M. didyma > M. didyma var. 80-1A > M. fistulosa. For all essential oils, the volatile phase effects were more toxic on fungal growth than the contact phase effects. All the essential oils in the contact studies achieved complete inhibition of mycelial growth and spore germination at 819.2 µg mL−1 of ethanol and Tween 20 mixture. In the volatile studies, however, complete mycelial inhibition was achieved with M. didyma and M. didyma var. 80-1A at 0.1 µg mL−1 air and with M. fistulosa at 0.2 µg mL−1 air. Spore germination was inhibited at 0.05 µg mL−1 air with M. didyma and 0.2 µg mL−1 air with both M. didyma var. 80-1A and M. fistulosa. This study demonstrated that these essential oils are promising potential antifungal agents that could be used in the development of biofungicide alternatives to synthetic fungicides against B. cinerea.

scholarly journals In vitro Anti-parasitic Activity of Pelargonium X. asperum Essential Oil Against Toxoplasma gondii

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Si-Yang Huang ◽  
Na Yao ◽  
Jia-Kang He ◽  
Ming Pan ◽  
Zhao-Feng Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cupressus Sempervirens ◽  
Membrane Surfaces ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
Parasitic Activity ◽  
Dose Dependent

Toxoplasmosis is a global zoonotic disease, and one-third of the human population is chronically infected by Toxoplasma gondii. Due to the limited effectiveness and prominent side effects of the existing drugs, there is a dire need for the discovery of new therapeutic options in the treatment of toxoplasmosis. In this study, five essential oils (EO) were screened for their anti-parasitic activity against T. gondii. The cytotoxicity of essential oils was evaluated using the MTT assay on human foreskin fibroblast cells. The CC50 values of Eucalyptus globulus EO, Cupressus sempervirens EO, Citrus aurantifolia EO, Melaleuca alternifolia EO, and Pelargonium X. asperum (Pa) EO were found to be 22.74, 7.25, 15.01, 6.26, and 4.77 mg/mL, respectively. Only PaEO exhibited anti-parasitic activity, and inhibited the growth of T. gondii in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, treatment with PaEO, was found to reduce the volume of T. gondii tachyzoites and make their membrane surfaces rough. These results showed that PaEO was able to inhibit the growth of T. gondii by reducing invasion, which may be due to its detrimental effect on the ability of tachyzoites to move. These findings suggest that PaEO could be a potential anti-T. gondii drug, which may facilitate the development of new and effective treatments against toxoplasmosis.

scholarly journals Antifungal Effects and Potential Mechanism of Essential Oils on Collelotrichum gloeosporioides In Vitro and In Vivo

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (18) ◽  
pp. 3386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Wang ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Xiaoman Jia ◽  
Li Xin ◽  
Hao Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Contact Phase ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations

The development of natural essential oil as an alternative to synthetic chemicals in the control of postharvest decay is currently in the spotlight. In the present study, the efficacy of seven essential oils in suppressing Collelotrichum gloeosporioides identified from sweet cherry was evaluated in vitro and clove oil was proved to be the most promising inhibitor. Thus, the antifungal properties and potential mechanisms of clove oil in vitro and in vivo by fumigation and contact treatments were intensively investigated. For C. gloeosporioides, the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of clove oil in air and contact phase were 80 and 300 μL/L in vitro testing, respectively. Based on the radial growth of C. gloeosporioides mycelium in medium, the fumgitoxic ability of essential oil was observed in a dose-dependent manner, which was not as dramatic as that under in vivo conditions. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of C. gloeosporioides exposed to clove oil exhibited obviously deleterious morphological and ultrastructural alterations confirming the disruption of fungal cell wall and endomembrane system, which resulted in increasing in permeability and causing the loss of intracellular constituents. In future, essential oils, combined with nano-emulsification approaches, could be good candidates as safe and effective antifungal agents for fungal spoilage of fresh commodities.

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