scholarly journals BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE IN FOREST TREES

1962 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Heimburger
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Exotic Species ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Breeding Methods ◽  
Forest Tree Breeding ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust

Breeding for disease resistance in forest trees is a specialized kind of forest tree breeding. With breeding of white pines for resistance to blister rust as an example, the various problems encountered and solved are described. Resistance to blister rust in eastern white pine has thus far been found to be inherited on a polygenic basis. This influences the choice of effective breeding methods and the silvicultural use of the resistant materials obtained. The genetic basis of superior resistance found in exotic species, such as Balkan white pine, Japanese white pine and Himalayan white pine is also influencing the breeding methods. Because of its early flowering, breeding work with Balkan white pine has progressed further than with other exotic species. Indications have been obtained that resistance in this species is also based on polygenes. Some of these are complementary to those found in eastern white pine. In Himalayan white pine materials the presence of recessive major genes for resistance as well as polygenes is probable. The possible use of these findings in the development of resistant white pine materials and their use in the establishment of artificially and naturally regenerated stands is discussed.

scholarly journals Achievements and Challenges of Genomics-Assisted Breeding in Forest Trees: From Marker-Assisted Selection to Genome Editing

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10583
Author(s):  
Sunny Ahmar ◽  
Paulina Ballesta ◽  
Mohsin Ali ◽  
Freddy Mora-Poblete
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Transformation Method ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Forest Tree Breeding

Forest tree breeding efforts have focused mainly on improving traits of economic importance, selecting trees suited to new environments or generating trees that are more resilient to biotic and abiotic stressors. This review describes various methods of forest tree selection assisted by genomics and the main technological challenges and achievements in research at the genomic level. Due to the long rotation time of a forest plantation and the resulting long generation times necessary to complete a breeding cycle, the use of advanced techniques with traditional breeding have been necessary, allowing the use of more precise methods for determining the genetic architecture of traits of interest, such as genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and genomic selection (GS). In this sense, main factors that determine the accuracy of genomic prediction models are also addressed. In turn, the introduction of genome editing opens the door to new possibilities in forest trees and especially clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9). It is a highly efficient and effective genome editing technique that has been used to effectively implement targetable changes at specific places in the genome of a forest tree. In this sense, forest trees still lack a transformation method and an inefficient number of genotypes for CRISPR/Cas9. This challenge could be addressed with the use of the newly developing technique GRF-GIF with speed breeding.

scholarly journals NOTES FROM A TRIP TO THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES JANUARY, 1953

1955 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Heimburger ◽  
M. Holst
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Forest Tree Breeding ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Direct Use ◽  
Respective Species

The authors attended the second southern Conference of forest tree improvement in Atlanta, Ga., early in 1953. They visited parts of Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York and Massachusetts before and after this Conference and made observations on the distribution, ecological amplitude and appearance of several tree species within the unglaciated parts of their present range. The aim of this was a preliminary evaluation of the materials found, for direct use in forest planting in Canada and for breeding purposes, to enrich the genetic composition of the respective species in Canada and make them more suitable for various uses in forestry. Collections of seeds and scions for strain tests and breeding projects were made. Observations of this kind are presented for red spruce, white pine, the two native aspens, red pine, Norway spruce, Japanese red and Japanese black pine, and other tree species. The value of such observations and of collections of breeding materials is pointed out and the application of the possible results to forest tree breeding problems in Canada is discussed.

scholarly journals Advances and Perspectives of Transgenic Technology and Biotechnological Application in Forest Trees

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiyi Yin ◽  
Chun Wang ◽  
Dandan Xiao ◽  
Yanting Liang ◽  
Yanwei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Transformation ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Transgenic Technology ◽  
Forest Tree Breeding ◽  
Exogenous Dna ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Gm Trees

Transgenic technology is increasingly used in forest-tree breeding to overcome the disadvantages of traditional breeding methods, such as a long breeding cycle, complex cultivation environment, and complicated procedures. By introducing exogenous DNA, genes tightly related or contributed to ideal traits—including insect, disease, and herbicide resistance—were transferred into diverse forest trees, and genetically modified (GM) trees including poplars were cultivated. It is beneficial to develop new varieties of GM trees of high quality and promote the genetic improvement of forests. However, the low transformation efficiency has hampered the cultivation of GM trees and the identification of the molecular genetic mechanism in forest trees compared to annual herbaceous plants such as Oryza sativa. In this study, we reviewed advances in transgenic technology of forest trees, including the principles, advantages and disadvantages of diverse genetic transformation methods, and their application for trait improvement. The review provides insight into the establishment and improvement of genetic transformation systems for forest tree species. Challenges and perspectives pertaining to the genetic transformation of forest trees are also discussed.

Simulation of hybrid forest tree breeding strategies

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
R J Kerr ◽  
M J Dieters ◽  
B Tier ◽  
H S Dungey
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Reciprocal Recurrent Selection ◽  
Forest Tree Breeding ◽  
Forward Selection ◽  
Pure Species

Computer simulation is the only realistic method of evaluating alternative methods of breeding hybrid forest trees. Empirical tests would be very long term and expensive. This paper describes the development of a simulation program, called XSIM, which generates two different but closely related outcrossing tree species. The genetic correlation between performance in each parental species and performance in the resulting hybrid can be set, in addition to the amounts and types of variances in each parental species. The breeding strategies available for testing include conventional reciprocal recurrent selection, reciprocal recurrent selection with forward selection, recurrent selection within each pure species, and the creation of a synthetic species. XSIM allows the strategies to be compared using the same base populations, equivalent selection intensities, and comparable mating patterns. Innovative best linear unbiased prediction procedures allow all ancestral and current progeny generation data, from both parental species and the hybrid, to be analysed together. The theoretical basis for the simulation is given, and genetic and statistical models are described. In summary, XSIM allows rigorous comparisons of the strategies in terms of genetic gain per time and provides useful insight into hybrid forest tree breeding.

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